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Real‐time simulation of water distribution systems (WDSs) has been applied to water resource problems ranging from engineering optimization design and operation planning and management. However, accurate implementation of real‐time simulation of WDS is still a challenging task due to the limited knowledge of the large amount of varying nodal demands and pipe characteristics over the entire network system. This paper presents a self‐adaptive calibration method based on Kalman filter (KF) that takes advantage of the long‐term monitoring data for dual calibration of nodal demands and pipe roughness. Inferential measurements are introduced to avoid linear assumptions of the WDS system and link the hydraulics of WDS with KF. Hence, it is able to employ KF to solve the nonlinear problems in looped water distribution network. By assimilating the long‐term monitoring data and adapting the calibrated parameters to various operating conditions, the framework can reduce the uncertainties caused by measurement errors and quantify the uncertainties by covariance matrixes. In addition, the presented method can help to identify abnormal WDS conditions. Three case studies have been conducted to illustrate the validity of the proposed method and its applications. The results have shown that the proposed framework is reliable and effective in practical applications.

Pipe bursts in water distribution networks cause considerable water losses and lead to potential environmental hazards. Effective burst detection methods enable water companies to repair broken pipes in a timely manner and minimize damage and disruption. A data-driven detection method is developed and proven for real-time leak and burst detection in water distribution networks. The method uses a unique integration of disturbance extraction and isolation forest techniques to enable detection of subtle burst signals from normally noisy pressure data. Verification and validation progress from synthetic data to the application to real-life data from large-scale open networks. The method is shown to generate comparable levels of detection, with low false positive rates, to other published techniques but without the need to introduce closed valves and expensive flow meters of district meter area structures and the loss of resilience these cause. The method offers the potential to effectively detect bursts from pressure data alone, helping to better manage the distribution of increasingly stressed water resources through aging pipe networks.Plain Language Summary Bursts and leakage are an inevitable but unacceptable consequence of the aging pipe networks used to supply drinking water. This paper presents a novel burst detection method which extracts burst-induced pressure variations from pressure data alone. The advance presented negates the need to introduce complex zonal structures using closed valves that limit network resilience and without the need for expensive flow meters.

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Water network models are widely used for simulation, management and surveillance of the real-world water distribution system (WDS) (Kun et al., 2015). Calibration of model parameters is necessary to ensure that the hydraulic model can effectively and accurately represent its corresponding WDS. The calibration process is generally accomplished by adjusting model parameters to match the model predictions with field measurements (Lansey et al., 2001). Pipe roughness coefficients and nodal demands are typical parameters need to be calibrated, which could require unaffordable manpower and material resource to be directly measured while having a significant impact on model simulation results (Kang & Lansey, 2011;Ormsbee & Lingireddy, 1997).Due to the large-scale and high complexity of WDS, the number of parameters to be calibrated are always quite large, while the number of monitors is limited. It has been pointed out that when the number of unknowns greatly

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