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In the present study, genome-wide CNVs were detected in a total of 301 samples from 10 Chinese indigenous horse breeds using the Illumina Equine SNP70 Bead Array, and the candidate genes related to adaptability to high temperature and humidity in Jinjiang horses were identified and validated. We determined a total of 577 CNVs ranging in size from 1.06 Kb to 2023.07 Kb on the 31 pairs of autosomes. By aggregating the overlapping CNVs for each breed, a total of 495 CNVRs were detected in the 10 Chinese horse breeds. As many as 211 breed-specific CNVRs were determined, of which 64 were found in the Jinjiang horse population. By removing repetitive CNV regions between breeds, a total of 239 CNVRs were identified in the Chinese indigenous horse breeds including 102 losses, 133 gains and 4 of both events (losses and gains in the same region), in which 131 CNVRs were novel and only detected in the present study compared with previous studies. The total detected CNVR length was 41.74 Mb, accounting for 1.83% of the total length of equine autosomal chromosomes. The coverage of CNVRs on each chromosome varied from 0.47% to 15.68%, with the highest coverage on ECA 12, but the highest number of CNVRs was detected on ECA1 and ECA24. A total of 229 genes overlapping with CNVRs were detected in the Jinjiang horse population, which is an indigenous horse breed unique to the southeastern coast of China exhibiting adaptability to high temperature and humidity. The functional annotation of these genes showed significant relation to cellular heat acclimation and immunity. The expression levels of the candidate genes were validated by heat shock treatment of various durations on fibroblasts of horses. The results show that the expression levels of HSPA1A were significantly increased among the different heat shock durations. The expression level of NFKBIA and SOCS4 declined from the beginning of heat shock to 2 h after heat shock and then showed a gradual increase until it reached the highest value at 6 h and 10 h of heat shock, respectively. Breed-specific CNVRs of Chinese indigenous horse breeds were revealed in the present study, and the results facilitate mapping CNVs on the whole genome and also provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms of adaptation to high temperature and humidity in the Jinjiang horse.

In this paper, a novel wideband slotline antenna with high gain characteristic is presented by using a multi-mode radiator under the circumstance of the optimized ground plane. The proposed antenna is analyzed from a traditional slot antenna with one full-wavelength radiation mode. Subsequently, two pairs of slot stubs are symmetrically loaded along the arms of the initial antenna near the nulls of the magnetic current of the full-wavelength radiation mode. By suitably choosing the lengths of the loaded stubs, extra two radiation modes can be introduced and merged with the full-wavelength one, resulting in a wide impedance bandwidth with three resonances. Finally, the size of the ground plane and locations of stubs are investigated to suppress the sidelobes and ensure high gain within the impedance bandwidth. For validation, a prototype antenna is fabricated and its electrical performances are measured. The experimental results show that the operating fractional bandwidth (FBW) of the proposed antenna can be effectively increased to 40.8% while keeping the inherent narrow slot structure. Besides, the measured average peak gain and its corresponding ripple within the impedance bandwidth are 6.2 dBi and 1.1 dB, respectively, and the radiation patterns are maintained constant. Compared with the reported works, the proposed design can allow a slotline antenna to achieve high gain and constant radiation patterns in a wide bandwidth simultaneously. INDEX TERMS High gain, multi-mode radiator, slotline antenna, wideband antenna. GUAN-LONG HUANG (M'11-SM'18) received the B.E. degree in electronic information engineering from the

In this study, a series of wideband bandpass filters (BPFs) with reconfigurable bandwidth and two fixed notch bands are presented. The fundamental topology is based on a new terminated cross‐shaped resonator (TCSR), which has three poles and four zeros. With the assistance of two symmetrical parallel coupled‐lines, another four poles and two zeros are introduced. As such, a notched‐band bandpass filter with multiple transmission poles and zeros are achieved. To realise the reconfigurable bandwidth, four PIN diodes are used. By controlling the status (switching on/off) of these PIN diodes, three reconfigurable‐bandwidth states can be implemented while the notch bands and centre frequency are maintained unaltered. Meanwhile, it is also found that the lower bandwidth edge of the proposed filter can be independently reconfigurable by inserting a capacitor into the lower stub of the novel TCSR, while the notch bands are kept unchanged. For validation, three prototypes are designed, fabricated, and measured. The measured results agree well with theoretical analysis and therefore verify the simple designing approach of reconfigurable BPFs.

In this paper, a series of novel reconfigurable-bandwidth notched-wideband bandpass filters (NWB BPFs) with controllable notch bands are proposed. The proposed filters start from a passive filtering structure, which is formed by a terminated cross-shaped resonator (TCSR) with a pair of parallel-coupled lines and two open-ended stubs. Theoretical analysis finds that the filter bandwidth can be independently controlled by the TCSR, while the center frequencies and bandwidth of notch bands are mainly controlled by the rest parts. According to this, a BPF with controllable notch bands can be designed. To achieve the reconfigurable-bandwidth NWB BPFs with controllable notch band, whose bandwidth and center frequency can be maintained unchanged under different work states, two PIN diodes and a varactor are employed. By controlling the work states of PIN diodes, three bandwidth states can be achieved with fixed center frequency. By controlling the applied voltage on the varactor, other NWB BPF with independently tunable lower passband edge can be realized. For verification, three prototypes are designed and measured. The measured results agree well with the theoretical analysis and simulated ones, verifying a simple and effective design approach of reconfigurable-bandwidth NWB BPFs. INDEX TERMS Notched-wideband bandpass filter (NWB BPF), terminated cross-shaped resonator, PIN diode and varactor, reconfigurable bandwidth, controllable notch bands. XIAO ZHANG (Member, IEEE) was born in Gaozhou, China. He received the B.Eng. degree in information engineering and the M.Eng. degree in communication and information systems from the

In this paper, a three-dimensional (3-D) printed spherical antenna with bandwidth enhancement under the operation of TM 101 and TM 211 modes is presented. The antenna is started from a metallized spherical cavity with a rectangular feed waveguide. Then, some slots are suitably introduced on its sidewall. With the help of these introduced slots, two resonant modes (TM 101 and TM 211) can be excited simultaneously and merged with each other, resulting in a wideband radiation characteristic with two resonances. An antenna prototype operating at X and Ku bands is designed and implemented as proof of concept. The antenna is additively manufactured by incorporating polymer-based stereolithography and electroless copper plating techniques. Measured results show that the antenna not only owns a wide impedance bandwidth of 40.9% from 9.77 to 14.81 GHz, but also maintains stable radiation patterns over the operating band. Besides, the measured average gain is as high as 10.1 dBi. As the measured results are in good agreement with the simulated ones, a simple and effective design of 3-D printed wideband spherical antenna with high radiation performances is verified. INDEX TERMS Spherical antenna, 3-D printed, waveguide-fed, wideband antenna.

This paper proposes a compact dual-band printed quadrifilar helix antenna (QHA) operating at GPS-L1 (1575 ± 2 MHz) and L2 (1228 ± 2 MHz) bands. To generate the dual operating bands, two interconnected lines with unequal lengths are introduced as a radiating element. The closely allocated radiators resonate in quarter-wavelength mode, which significantly miniaturizes antenna's size. Four shunt capacitors are loaded near ports to manipulate the mutual coupling between each two radiators, so that satisfactory matching condition with minimum active reflection at two target bands can be obtained simultaneously. Then, a compact feeding network consisting of on-chip hybrid couplers is designed and connected to the QHA. Measured results show that the compact proposed antenna achieves peak gains of 1.5 dBic and 2.6 dBic at 1575 MHz and 1228 MHz, respectively. The axial ratios (ARs) at L1 and L2 bands are both below 2.5 dB, and the half-power-beamwidths (HPBWs) are as wide as 130 and 116 , respectively. As compared with reported works, the proposed antenna can achieve much more compact size (0.11 × 0.21 λ 0 2) and dual-band radiation at the same time.