Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of programmed cell death, has excellent potential as an anti-cancer therapeutic strategy in different types of tumors, especially in RAS-mutated ones. However, the function of ferroptosis for inhibiting neuroblastoma, a common child malignant tumor with minimal treatment, is unclear. This study investigated the anti-cancer function of ferroptosis inducer Erastin or RSL3 in neuroblastoma N2A cells. Our results show that Erastin or RSL3 induces ROS level and cell death and, therefore, reduces the viability of RAS-proficient N2A cells. Importantly, inhibitors to ferroptosis, but not apoptosis, ameliorate the high ROS level and viability defect in Erastin- or RSL3-treated cells. In addition, our data also show that N2A cells are much more sensitive to ferroptosis inducers than primary mouse cortical neural stem cells (NSCs) or neurons. Moreover, a higher level of ROS and PARylation is evidenced in N2A, but not NSCs. Mechanically, ferritin heavy chain 1 (Fth), the ferroxidase function to oxidate redox-active Fe2+ to redox-inactive Fe3+, is likely responsible for the hypersensitivity of N2A to ferroptosis induction since its expression is lower in N2A compared to NSCs; ectopic expression of Fth reduces ROS levels and cell death, and induces expression of GPX4 and cell viability in N2A cells. Most importantly, neuroblastoma cell lines express a significantly low level of Fth than almost all other types of cancer cell lines. All these data suggest that Erastin or RSL3 induce ferroptosis cell death in neuroblastoma N2A cells, but not normal neural cells, regardless of RAS mutations, due to inadequate FTH. This study, therefore, provides new evidence that ferroptosis could be a promising therapeutic target for neuroblastoma.
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are a type of cancer originating in the mucosal epithelium of the mouth, pharynx, and larynx, the sixth most common cancer in the world. However, there is no effective treatment for HNSCCs. More than 90% of HNSCCs overexpress epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs). Although small molecule inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies have been developed to target EGFRs, few EGFR-targeted therapeutics are approved for clinical use. Ferroptosis is a new kind of programmed death induced by the iron catalyzed excessive peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. A growing body of evidence suggests that ferroptosis plays a pivotal role in inhibiting the tumor process. However, whether and how ferroptosis-inducers (FINs) play roles in hindering HNSCCs are unclear. In this study, we analyzed the sensitivity of different HNSCCs to ferroptosis-inducers. We found that only tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells and laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma cells, but not nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells, actively respond to ferroptosis-inducers. The different sensitivities of HNSCC cells to ferroptosis induction may be attributed to the expression of KRAS and ferritin heavy chain (FTH1) since a high level of FTH1 is associated with the poor prognostic survival of HNSCCs, but knocked down FTH1 can promote HNSCC cell death. Excitingly, the ferroptosis-inducer RSL3 plays a synthetic role with EGFR monoclonal antibody Cetuximab to inhibit the survival of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells (CNE-2), which are insensitive to both ferroptosis induction and EGFR inhibition due to a high level of FTH1 and a low level of EGFR, respectively. Our findings prove that FTH1 plays a vital role in ferroptosis resistance in HNSCCs and also provide clues to target HNSCCs resistant to ferroptosis induction and/or EGFR inhibition.
As the desired components and crystal structure of a transition metal oxide catalyst are selected, architecture is a dominating factor affecting its electrocatalytic performance for applications in lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries. Nano-compounds with a hollow architecture are undoubtedly the ideal catalysts for enhancing cathodic performance for more exposed active sites and shortened path lengths than are other architectures. Additionally, the internal stress in hollow architecture is favorable for further performance enhancement, due to its regulation effects of driving the d-band center of the transition metal in the active sites to migrate toward the Fermi level, which will promote the chemical adsorption and catalytic conversion of the polysulfides (PSs). To this point, we select hierarchical porous dual transition metal oxide CoNiO2 nano-boxes (CoNiO2(B)) as the conceptual model; meanwhile, CoNiO2 nano-flakes (CoNiO2(F)) with identical stoichiometry and crystal structure are also analyzed as a comparison. Li-S batteries based on CoNiO2(B) deliver superior energy storage features, including a reversible discharge capacity of 1232 mAh g−1 at 0.05 C and a stable cycle performance with decay rate of 0.1% each cycle even after 300 cycles at 1 C. This research presents an alternative scheme for booting the performance of Li-S batteries.
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