At present, the transformation of energy structure is at a critical stage, and emerging renewable energy technologies and multienergy equipment have been widely used. How to improve the energy efficiency of integrated energy system (IES) and promote large-scale absorption of renewable energy is of great significance to the application forms of energy in the future. The development of new internet technology and sensor technology provides strong technical support for the optimal operation and coordinated control of IES. In recent years, the IES is experiencing unprecedented changes, which has attracted great attention from academia and industry. In this paper, the optimal control and operation behavior of IES are reviewed. Firstly, the research status of IES in recent years is summarized. Then, the modeling methods of different equipment in IES are analyzed in detail. The optimal operation of user, regional, and cross-regional IES are taken as typical research objects and the research status of optimization problems and operation modes, energy management planning, and power market allocation are summarized and analyzed. Finally, the key scientific issues and related frontier technologies in the IES are concluded, and the future research directions are prospected.
Background: Secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis triggered by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is rare in pediatric patients. There is a specific cytokine pattern to differentiate HLH subtypes, including IFN-γ, IL-10, and IL-6, and the ratio of IL-10 to IFN-γ, which can guide HLH treatments choice.
Case presentation: We present a pediatric 9-year old patient who presented with fever and pancytopenia for three days into our hospital, who showed positive results of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Human Rhino Virus and Mycoplasma Pneumoniae infections. At the time of admission to our institution, the patient’s Th1/Th2 cytokine results showed that IL-6 was 326 pg/ml, IL-10 was 9.1 pg/ml, and IFN-γ was 246.7 pg/ml, with a ratio of IL-10 to IFN-γ was 0.04. In this study, this patient received meropenem, linezolid, and cefoperazone/sulbactam for anti-infection therapy, combined with high dose methylprednisolone therapy and anti-shock supportive treatments for twice. After careful evaluation, this patient did not receive HLH chemotherapy during the whole disease course, and he recovered well.
Conclusions: Early antimicrobial and supportive treatment would be enough for Salmonellatriggered sHLH with a ratio of IL-10 to IFN-γ ≤ 1.33, and IL-10 ≤ 10.0 pg/ml, and/or IFN-γ ≤ 225 pg/ml on admission, and HLH-94/2004 protocol was not necessary in such condition.
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