No abstract

Photomorphogenesis is controlled by multiple signaling pathways, including the light and brassinosteroid (BR) pathways. BR signaling activates the BZR1 transcription factor, which is required for suppressing photomorphogenesis in the dark. We identified a suppressor of the BR hypersensitive mutant bzr1-1D and named it bzr1-1D suppressor1-Dominant (bzs1-D). The bzs1-D mutation was caused by overexpression of a B-box zinc finger protein BZS1, which is transcriptionally repressed by BZR1. Overexpression of BZS1 causes de-etiolation in the dark, short hypocotyls in the light, reduced sensitivity to BR treatment, and repression of many BR-activated genes. Knockdown of BZS1 by co-suppression partly suppressed the short hypocotyl phenotypes of BR-deficient or insensitive mutants. These results support that BZS1 is a negative regulator of BR response. BZS1 overexpressors are hypersensitive to different wavelengths of light and loss of function of BZS1 reduces plant sensitivity to light and partly suppresses the constitutive photomorphogenesis 1 (cop1) mutant in the dark, suggesting a positive role in light response. BZS1 protein accumulates at an increased level after light treatment of dark-grown BZS1-OX plants and in the cop1 mutants, and BZS1 interacts with COP1 in vitro, suggesting that light regulates BZS1 through COP1-mediated ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. These results demonstrate that BZS1 mediates the crosstalk between BR and light pathways.

No abstract

No abstract

Six new bromophenols, 3-bromo-4,5-bis(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl)pyrocatechol (1), 2,2',3-tribromo-3',4,4',5-tetrahydroxy-6'-hydroxymethyldiphenylmethane (2), 2,2',3-tribromo-3',4,4',5-tetrahydroxy-6'-ethyloxymethyldiphenylmethane (3), (+/-)-2-methyl-3-(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxyphenyl)propylaldehyde (4), (+/-)-2-methyl-3-(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxyphenyl)propylaldehyde dimethyl acetal (5), and 3-bromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid methyl ester (6), together with eight known bromophenols, 3-bromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (7), 2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl alcohol (lanosol, 8), 2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl methyl ether (9), 2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl ethyl ether (10), 2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzylaldehyde (11), bis(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl) ether (12), 3-bromo-4-(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl)-5-methoxymethylpyrocatechol (13), and 2,2',3,3'-tetrabromo-4,4',5,5'-tetrahydroxydiphenyl methane (14), were isolated from the red alga Rhodomela confervoides. Their structures were elucidated by chemical and spectroscopic methods including IR, HRFABMS, and 1D and 2D NMR techniques.

In crop plants, a high-density genetic linkage map is essential for both genetic and genomic researches. The complexity and the large size of wheat genome have hampered the acquisition of a high-resolution genetic map. In this study, we report a high-density genetic map based on an individual mapping population using the Affymetrix Wheat660K single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array as a probe in hexaploid wheat. The resultant genetic map consisted of 119 566 loci spanning 4424.4 cM, and 119 001 of those loci were SNP markers. This genetic map showed good collinearity with the 90 K and 820 K consensus genetic maps and was also in accordance with the recently released wheat whole genome assembly. The high-density wheat genetic map will provide a major resource for future genetic and genomic research in wheat. Moreover, a comparative genomics analysis among gramineous plant genomes was conducted based on the high-density wheat genetic map, providing an overview of the structural relationships among theses gramineous plant genomes. A major stable quantitative trait locus (QTL) for kernel number per spike was characterized, providing a solid foundation for the future high-resolution mapping and map-based cloning of the targeted QTL.High-density genetic linkage maps are essential for genetic and genomic research in crops 1-4 . Molecular breeding is more effective if the molecular map is dense to provide more choices in the quality and type of markers and to increase the probability of detecting polymorphic markers in important chromosomal intervals. In wheat, the large genome size (17 gigabases), hexaploid nature (AABBDD), high percentage of repetitive regions and low level of polymorphism have complicated the acquisition of high-resolution genetic maps by molecular markers 1-4 . To date, several kinds of molecular markers, including restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) 5,6 , amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) 7 , simple sequence repeats (SSRs) 8,9 , and diversity array technology (DArT) 3, 4, 10, 11 have been used to construct genetic linkage maps in wheat. Information regarding wheat molecular markers and genetic maps is available in some datasets such as GrainGenes 2.0 (https:// wheat.pw.usda.gov/GG3/), URGI (https://urgi.versailles.inra.fr/), etc. Most of these markers are mapped on the telomeric regions, and there is very limited map resolution in proximal part of the chromosomes 3 . Therefore, the density and coverage of the current genetic maps are less than satisfactory.Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most abundant type of molecular marker. Accurate and reliable methods have been developed to perform high-throughput genotyping based on SNPs 12 . With the development of new sequencing technologies, increasing numbers of SNPs have been discovered in wheat 1, 2, 13-15 .

No abstract

No abstract