Methods Measurements of AMPK, ACC, and fatty acid oxidation in primary hepatocytes.Hepatocytes were isolated from male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats by collagenase digestion (18). For the AMPK assay, cells were seeded in six-well plates at 1.5 × 10 6 cells/well in DMEM containing 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 µg/ml streptomycin, 10% FBS, 100 nM insulin, 100 nM dexamethasone, and 5 µg/ml transferrin for 4 hours. Cells were then cultured in serum-free DMEM for 16 hours followed by treatment for 1 hour or 7 hours with control medium, 5-amino-imidazole carboxamide ribo-

The performance of faradaic electrode materials in desalination, the removal of heavy metals, and ion separation is presented.

No abstract

2D-Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene flake restacking and the small interlayer spacing of these MXenes limit their application in capacitive deionization. Here, we designed an all-MXene-based (L−S-Ti 3 C 2 T x ) flexible film electrode, enabled by large-size Ti 3 C 2 T x (lateral dimensions of ⩾1 μm) MXene (L-Ti 3 C 2 T x ) nanosheets, which provided conductive pathways and were active substances, and by small-size Ti 3 C 2 T x (500 nm) MXene (S-Ti 3 C 2 T x ) nanosheets, which were used as intercalation materials and active substances, for high-performance desalination in capacitive deionization applications. The as-synthesized L−S-Ti 3 C 2 T x electrode achieved an excellent capacitance (169 F/g at 5 mV/s) and long-term cycling stability (maintained 91.7% of the initial capacitance after 5000 cycles). Additionally, these electrodes exhibited a high electroadsorption capacity (72 mg NaCl/g L−S-Ti 3 C 2 T x , 10 mM NaCl solution). The improved electrochemical and desalination performance and outstanding long-term cycling stability can be attributed to the small Ti 3 C 2 T x sheets that were introduced, which could be beneficial in exposing more active sites, facilitating electron transport, and shortening the diffusion path of Na ions. Our work opens up a new design space for the development of high-performance anode materials