Rapid and accurate analysis of cottonseed protein content and the composition of fatty acids (especially, saturated fatty acids) is often required in cotton production and breeding programs. This study aimed to establish a set of effective estimation models for these parameters. Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) calibration equations using partial least‐squares regression for protein concentration, oil concentration, and five fatty acids of shell‐intact cottonseeds were established based on 90 varieties, and the prediction abilities of the calibration models were verified using 45 other varieties. The prediction abilities of the NIRS calibration equations were basically consistent with external validation results. Each equation was assessed based on the ratio of performance to deviation (RPDp). Protein content and seed total fatty acid (STA) content had high RPDp values (3.687 and 3.530, respectively), whereas cottonseed kernel total fatty acid (KTA) content, linoleic acid (18:2), stearic acid (18:0), myristic acid (14:0), and palmitic acid (16:0) exhibited relatively high RPDp (2.866, 2.836, 2.697, 2.676, and 2.506, respectively). The calibration model for oleic acid (18:1) had a low RPDp (1.945). The results indicated that NIRS can be used to rapidly determine contents of STA, KTA, protein, stearic acid (18:0), myristic acid (14:0), and palmitic acid (16:0) in shell‐intact cottonseed.
We read with great interest the article ''The involvement of AMPA-ERK1/2-BDNF pathway in the mechanism of new antidepressant action of prokinetic meranzin hydrate'', in which the authors concluded that AMPA receptors were involved in the mechanism of the antidepressant effects of prokinetic meranzin hydrate (Xie et al. 2012). We appreciate the author's excellent perspectives and want to raise a hypothesis regarding the mechanisms of a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor agonists exerting fast-acting antidepressant effects.A series of studies have demonstrated that AMPA receptor agonist such as LY392098 show fast-acting antidepressant effects in the rodent animal models (Li et al. 2001). Moreover, Maeng et al. (2008) have observed that pretreatment with AMPA receptor antagonist NBQX can significantly reduce the ketamine's antidepressant effects. The ketamine-induced increase in glutamate release preferentially favors AMPA receptors over NMDA receptors because the latter have been occupied by ketamine, therefore the net antidepressant effect of ketamine is increased by glutamatergic throughput (Machado-Vieira et al. 2009). Collectively, these studies have indicated that AMPA receptors are essential for ketamine to exert its antidepressant effects (Duman and Voleti 2012). Recently, an innovative study conducted by Li et al. (2010) showing that mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation in prefrontal cortex is involved in the ketamine exerting fastacting antidepressant effects. Thus, we hypothesized that AMPA receptor agonists exerting their antidepressant effects are potentially via up-regulating Akt and ultimately activating mTOR. Future studies are needed to verify the hypothesis and enrich this field knowledge.
Conflict of interest
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.