No abstract

Future routers will not only forward data packets, but also provide 1IC1lull-odded services sucb as security, accounting, caching and resource management. These services can be implemented as gener.a.l programs, to be invoked by traversing packets embedding router program calls. Software programmable routers pose new challenges in the design of router operating systems (aS). First, router progrnms will require access to diverse system resources. The resource demands of a large community of heterogeneous resource consumers must either be coordinated to enable cooperation or arbitrated to resolve competition. Second, it is beneficial to concurrently support multiple uirtual machines, each with a guaranteed share of physical resources. This allows services to be customized and to seamlessly ewl~. We present the design and implementation of a next generation router OS that can meet the above challenges. We define an orthogonal kernel abstraction of lWsol.lrce AI/orotion, which can schedule various time-shared and space-shared resources with quality of service (QoS) differentiation and guarantees. A scalable and Bexible packet classi6er enables dynamic resource binding and per-Bow processing of received packets. We have prototyped our system on a network of UltraSPARC and Pentium II computers. Currently, QoS-aware schedulers Cor CPU time, Corwarding bandwidth, memory-store capacity, and capacity Cor secondary data stores have been integrated. We present experimental results on various aspects of resource management in our system.

Background. Pinellia ternata (PT), a medicinal plant, has had an extensive application in the treatment of asthma in China, whereas its underlying pharmacological mechanisms remain unclear. Methods. Firstly, a network pharmacology method was adopted to collect activated components of PT from Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP). Targets of PT were assessed by exploiting the PharmMapper website; asthma-related targets were collected from the OMIM website, and target-target interaction networks were built. Secondly, critical nodes exhibiting high possibility were identified as the hub nodes in the network, which were employed to conduct Gene Ontology (GO) comment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) signaling pathway enrichment analysis. Finally, the tissue expression profiles of key candidate genes were identified by the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, and the therapeutic effect of PT was verified by an animal experiment. Results. 57 achievable targets of PT on asthma were confirmed as hub nodes through using the network pharmacology method. As revealed from the KEGG enrichment analysis, the signaling pathways were notably enriched in pathways of the T-cell receptor signaling pathway, JAK-STAT signaling pathway, and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction. The expression profiles of candidate genes including Mmp2, Nr3c1, il-10, il-4, il-13, il-17a, il-2, tlr4, tlr9, ccl2, csf2, and vefgα were identified. Moreover, according to transcriptome RNA sequencing data from lung tissues of allergic mice compared to normal mice, the mRNA level of Mmp2 and il-4 was upregulated ( P < 0.001 ). In animal experiments, PT could alleviate the allergic response of mice by inhibiting the activation of T-helper type 2 (TH2) cells and the expression of Mmp2 and il-4. Conclusions. Our study provides candidate genes that may be either used for future studies related to diagnosis/prognosis or as targets for asthma management. Besides, animal experiments showed that PT could treat asthma by regulating the expression of Mmp2 and il-4.

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FUZI (Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata) is a traditional Chinese medicine herb used extensively for nourishing yang (regarded as the positive, male universal force), which is critical in treatment of allergic rhinitis. In this paper, FUZI was explored based on network pharmacology. The active components of FUZI were screened out, its protein targets were assessed, and the protein interaction network map was built with the differential protein of allergic rhinitis, as an attempt to determine the critical targets of FUZI for treating allergic rhinitis. Subsequently, DAVID was employed to explore the biological function and pathway enrichment to determine the biological pathway of FUZI for treating allergic rhinitis. As suggested by the results, FUZI is likely to affect the inhibition of inflammation and the regulation of immunity, probably reducing the incidence of allergic rhinitis, or alleviating nasal discomfort attributed to allergic inflammation. The targets and pathways of FUZI for treating allergic rhinitis assessed by network pharmacology provided a direction for our subsequent studies and may be a novel therapeutic target.