Iron oxyhydroxide minerals occur widely in nature and
play important
roles in environmental and industrial processes. Owing to their high
reactivity, these minerals can act as sinks and/or transformation
centers for a variety of inorganic and organic ions. Interfacial reactions
are often mediated by surface (hydr)oxo groups. These groups can be
singly, doubly, or triply coordinated with respect to underlying Fe
atoms. In order to investigate the reactivity of these differently
coordinated groups, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy
was used to examine adsorption products formed on iron oxyhydroxide
surfaces. The absence of water was required to probe the O–H
stretching region after initial reactions in aqueous media. This work
was specifically focused on synthetic, submicrometer-sized lepidocrocite
and goethite particles reacted with aqueous solutions of sodium fluoride
and monosodium phosphate. Langmuir–Freundlich adsorption isotherms
were calibrated on adsorption data in aqueous media at various pH
values to obtain the maximum sorption densities for these ions under
these conditions. FTIR measurements of the resulting solids dried
under N2(g) show that fluoride and phosphate ions preferentially
exchange with singly coordinated hydroxyls. Doubly coordinated groups
can, however, be exchanged with fluoride ions at relatively high loading
densities. Triply coordinated groups remain, in contrast, resilient
to exchange. They may, however, stabilize phosphate species by hydrogen
bonding. These findings add further constraints to our understanding
of adsorption reactions and to the formulation of molecularly adequate
thermodynamic models.
MSTN-encoded myostatin is a negative regulator of skeletal muscle development. Here, we utilized the gluteus tissues from MSTN gene editing and wild type Luxi beef cattle which are native breed of cattle in China, performed tandem mass tag (TMT) -based comparative proteomics and phosphoproteomics analyses to investigate the regulatory mechanism of MSTN related to cellular metabolism and signaling pathway in muscle development. Out of 1,315 proteins, 69 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were found in global proteomics analysis. Meanwhile, 149 differentially changed phosphopeptides corresponding to 76 unique phosphorylated proteins (DEPPs) were detected from 2,600 identified phosphopeptides in 702 phosphorylated proteins. Bioinformatics analyses suggested that majority of DEPs and DEPPs were closely related to glycolysis, glycogenolysis, and muscle contractile fibre processes. The global discovery results were validated by Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM)-based targeted peptide quantitation analysis, western blotting, and muscle glycogen content measurement. Our data revealed that increase in abundance of key enzymes and phosphorylation on their regulatory sites appears responsible for the enhanced glycogenolysis and glycolysis in MSTN−/−. The elevated glycogenolysis was assocaited with an enhanced phosphorylation of Ser1018 in PHKA1, and Ser641/Ser645 in GYS1, which were regulated by upstream phosphorylated AKT-GSK3β pathway and highly consistent with the lower glycogen content in gluteus of MSTN−/−. Collectively, this study provides new insights into the regulatory mechanisms of MSTN involved in energy metabolism and muscle growth.
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have various biological functions and have been extensively studied in recent years. However, the identification and characterization of bovine lncRNAs in skeletal muscle has been very limited compared with that of lncRNAs in other model organisms. In this study, 7188 bovine skeletal muscle lncRNAs were identified by RNA-Seq and a stringent screening procedure in four different muscle tissues. These lncRNAs shared many characteristics with other mammalian lncRNAs, such as a shorter open reading frame and lower expression level than for mRNAs. Furthermore, the chromosomal locations and global expression patterns for these lncRNAs are also described in detail. More importantly, we detected the important interaction relationships of lncRNAs-miRNAs-mRNAs related to muscle development among 36 lncRNAs, 62 miRNAs and 12 mRNAs. Our results provide a global expression pattern of lncRNAs specific to bovine skeletal muscle and provide important targets for revealing the function of bovine muscle development by thoroughly studying the interaction relationships of lncRNAs-miRNAs-mRNAs.
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