Groundwater management is a new challenge for most developing countries. A case study of Shanghai groundwater management history is put forward to provide experiences for other countries. The paper classified Shanghai groundwater exploitation history (since 1961) into 5 phases, considering the over exploitation in different aquifers and consequently land subsidence in different times. Measures, carried out by Shanghai Water Authority, are analyzed, including exploitation reduction and recharge. Intergraded water management is suggested for the sustained development of groundwater management in Shanghai, especially discussing currently overlapping institution mechanism among different departments, few economic management methods, vacant of basin plan and management, etc.
With rapid economic growth and huge consumption demand for electronic products, the environmental-friendly treatment of household WEEE has become a serious issue in China. This article argues that the household WEEE dismantling is an independent industry in China, which mainly involves manual disassembly and simple mechanical shredding/separation, separated from the end-process industry.Therefore, a dismantling-specific environmental standard is needed in China, to better supplement the newly issued environmental standard regulating the entire recycling chain of WEEE.The relevant laws, policies and environmental standards, as well as the environmental and technical characteristics of the household WEEE dismantling in China, are reviewed, to investigate the technical requirements regarding the household WEEE dismantling. Recommendations on the framework of the standard are proposed, including scope of application, structure of the standard and some key points on technical requirements.
A new kind of marattialean raches are reported from the coal balls in Coal Seam No.7 in the upper part of the Taiyuan Formation (early Early Permian) from Taiyuan, Shanxi, China and are assigned to the genus Stipitopteris Grand'Eury (Psaroniaceae). The present specimens are different from all six reported species of the genus, and are therefore proposed as a new species: Stipitopteris shanxiensis. The raches of the new species are generally dorsi-ventrally flattened. The main raches usually exhibit scales of different forms on their surface. Beneath the epidermis is a zone of parenchymatous cells, some of which contain tannin-like contents. Inside this is a zone of small sclerenchymatous cells. Inward are the ground tissue and vascular bundles. The vascular bundles are continuous and are in two circles: the outer circle assumes a transversely elliptical shape with the gap and pinna trace, and the inner circle assumes a shallow C-shape with inrolled ends. The ground tissue located at the inner side of the vascular bundle is composed of thicker-walled parenchymatous cells. The cells of the ground tissue are vertically elongated in longitudinal sections. Subordered raches are smaller and have simpler structures than the main raches. The parenchyma zone beneath the epidermis is thinner, usually one to two cells wide and the sclerenchyma zone is usually absent. The scales are poorly developed and there is only one C-shaped vascular bundle. The new species is comparable to the crosiers of Psaroniaceae of the Euramerican Flora in some aspects, for example, it has a dorsi-ventrally flattened rachis and scales on the surface of the rachis. However, the other features and the preservative conditions of the present specimens indicate that they are not crosiers, but fully developed or mature raches. The new species is the first well-studied anatomically-preserved rachis of Psaroniaceae from the Cathaysian Flora and bears significance not only in understanding the anatomy and taxonomy of Psaroniaceae in the Cathaysian Flora, but also in the relationship between the Euramerican Flora and the Cathaysian Flora.
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