The presence of defects in carbon nanotubes strongly modifies their electrical, mechanical, and chemical properties. It was long thought undesirable, but recent experiments have shown that introduction of structural defects using ion or electron irradiation can lead to novel nanodevices. We demonstrate a method for detecting and quantifying point defect density in individual carbon nanotubes (CNTs) based on measuring the polarization dependence (linear dichroism) of the C 1s --> pi* transition at specific locations along individual CNTs with a scanning transmission X-ray microscope (STXM). We show that STXM can be used to probe defect density in individual CNTs with high spatial resolution. The quantitative relationship between ion dose, nanotube diameter, and defect density was explored by purposely irradiating selected sections of nanotubes with kiloelectronvolt (keV) Ga(+) ions. Our results establish polarization-dependent X-ray microscopy as a new and very powerful characterization technique for carbon nanotubes and other anisotropic nanostructures.

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Radio frequency discharges ignited in low-pressure and pure hydrocarbon gases were investigated by mass spectrometry. The plasma process was applied to four unsaturated monomers: styrene C 8 H 8 , benzene C 6 H 6 , ethylene C 2 H 4 and acetylene C 2 H 2 . The remote mass spectrometer location restricted species identification to neutral closed-shell molecules in their respective plasmas. Among the peaks in the mass spectra, those directly due to neutrals produced in the plasma were determined following a successful two-step methodology. Firstly, the use of low electron impact energy limited the fragmentation and strongly simplified the cracking patterns. Secondly, attribution of peaks directly due to neutrals was confirmed or ruled out by systematically measuring their appearance potential. In the case of styrene, not less than 48 new molecules were detected.The discussion of the observed stable by-products in each discharge suggested several radicals responsible for their production. Comparing the set of species among the four plasmas showed that the repeated addition of intermediates with one or two carbon atoms and with low H content dominated the chemistry. Under our conditions of intermediate to high W/FM (power over mass flow ratio), the gas-phase plasma polymerization then preferentially occurred through significant fragmentation and recombination. Finally, the measured appearance potentials during plasma provided estimation for the threshold ionization energy of several highly unsaturated hydrocarbons, useful for modeling.

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