A fundamental analysis of the impact of Ge on the synthesis of Cu2ZnSnSe4:Ge by a sequential process is presented, reporting the consequences on the absorber morphology and solar cell devices performance.

Different alkali doping methods to introduce Na and/or K in flexible and light-weight Cu2ZnSnSe4 solar cells were compared. A maximum efficiency of 6.1% was achieved.

This work presents a complete analysis of Raman active modes of Sb2Se3 measured by six different excitation wavelengths from NIR to UV, under different polarization configurations and at low temperature. Simultaneous fitting of spectra allowed the deconvolution and identification of the 28 Raman peaks obtained in monocrystalline Sb2Se3 sample from the 30 modes predicted by the group theory analysis for this crystalline structure. Analysis of the spectra measured under different polarization configurations yielded the preliminary assignment of the peaks symmetry, while the measurements under low temperature resulted in a fine resolution of the peaks in Raman spectra. Additionally, evaluation of the spectra of the most probable secondary phases under different excitation wavelengths allowed to define the most appropriate measurement conditions for experimental discrimination of their Raman peaks in the spectra of Sb2Se3 based thin films solar cells. The combination of different wavelength allows a non-destructive methodology for high sensitivity detection of main secondary phases of the Sb2Se3.

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Temperature induced Cu2SnS3 phase transition from a defective cubic to a monoclinic structure assessed by Raman spectroscopy and leading to higher photovoltaic efficiency.