DON prognosis is highly variable. Our results suggest that a non-inflammatory element, probably vascular could be involved in atypical DONs. An earlier recognition could prompt to rapid surgical treatment for these patients.
We describe the concept and properties of a new electrostatic optic which aims to provide a 2π sr instantaneous field of view to characterize space plasmas. It consists of a set of concentric toroidal electrodes that form a number of independent energy‐selective channels. Charged particles are deflected toward a common imaging planar detector. The full 3‐D distribution function of charged particles is obtained through a single energy sweep. Angle and energy resolution of the optics depends on the number of toroidal electrodes, on their radii of curvature, on their spacing, and on the angular aperture of the channels. We present the performances, as derived from numerical simulations, of an initial implementation of this concept that would fit the need of many space plasma physics applications. The proposed instrument has 192 entrance windows corresponding to eight polar channels each with 24 azimuthal sectors. The initial version of this 3‐D plasma analyzer may cover energies from a few eV up to 30 keV, typically with a channel‐dependent energy resolution varying from 10% to 7%. The angular acceptance varies with the direction of the incident particle from 3° to 12°. With a total geometric factor of two sensor heads reaching ~0.23 cm2 sr eV/eV, this “donut” shape analyzer has enough sensitivity to allow very fast measurements of plasma distribution functions in most terrestrial and planetary environments on three‐axis stabilized as well as on spinning satellites.
Dear Editor, Maternally inherited diabetes is a peculiar form of diabetes mellitus and is often associated with deafness (MIDD). This form of diabetes, insulin-dependent or not, accounts for nearly 2-5% of diabetes mellitus cases. Mitochondrial transmission has been suggested by maternal inheritance and, recently, M I D D has been described in association with mutations in the mitochondrial D N A .~'~ An A-to-G transition at nucleotide 3243 of the mitochondrial tRNALeu(UUR) gene is the usual mtDNA abnormality found in this disease; there is, however, a report ofa large mtDN.4 deletion and M I D D .~ Mitochondria1 disorders occur in infancy or in adulthood and are characterized by a wide range of clinical ~yrnptoms.~ Pigmentary retinopathy has been often reported in chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) and in Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) in association with m t D N A deletions and is a diagnostic requirement in KSS.' Similarly, pigmentary retinopathy with macular involvement has been described in association with the M E L A S syndrome related to the 3243 tRNALeu(UUR) mutation.6 Recently, Massin et al.7 reported on the association of macular dystrophy and M I D D in the presence of the 3243 mtDN.4 mutation. Here, we report one unusual case of macular dystrophy with M I D D and an associated retinal branch vein occlusion (BV 0).
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.