An improved dissolution method called layer-by-layer dissolution was adopted to study the process of eggshell deposition, which is opposite to the process of eggshell dissolution. In the present study, blue and brown eggshells from 2 Chinese indigenous chicken breeds, Dongxing and Shouguang, respectively, were analyzed with layer-by-layer dissolution. The results showed that the deposition velocity of the eggshell pigments in the top (first) eggshell layer was the highest compared with other layers, which were biliverdin and protoporphyrin in blue eggshell or primarily protoporphyrin in brown eggshell. It was also revealed that the deposition processes of biliverdin and protoporphyrin were synchronous in the blue eggshell of the Dongxiang chicken in the present study.

High acidic vacuum gas oil (VGO) decreases product quality and causes corrosions. To overcome these problems, catalytic esterification was utilized for the deacidification of VGO. A series of Al2O3-supported ZnO catalysts, undoped and doped with Fe2O3, were prepared and characterized. The results showed that both the ZnO/Al2O3 and the ZnO/Al2O3 doped with Fe2O3 had good deacidification effects with glycol for the 4th VGO. The deacidification rate reached 95.1% and 97.6%, respectively, under mild conditions (catalysts 2.5 wt%, glycol dosage 4.0 wt%, 250 °C and 1 h). The naphthenic acids were transferred into ester, which was proved by the Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).Reusability of the catalyst for the esterification reaction was also studied. It was found that the deacidification rate was still over 90% after six reruns.