Evaluation of Simulation Models for Fields with Subsurface Drainage to Wetlands in North Dakotanot correlate as well to measured water table depths compared to results from the model applications at the other two study areas.The SPAW and DRAINMOD model applications at the three study areas in southeast North Dakota adequately simulated the hydrologic processes for fields with subsurface drainage that are connected to adjacent wetlands. However, more measured data would be needed to fully evaluate the models throughout the range of possible climatic conditions. Study Area DescriptionsThree study areas were selected for analysis that had fields with a wetland or several wetlands adjacent to a field with subsurface drainage in Barnes, Dickey, and Sargent Counties (study areas B, D, and S, respectively). The areas are in the Northern Glaciated Plains of the Prairie Pothole Region in central to southeast North Dakota (Omernik and Griffith, 2014;Tangen and Finocchiaro, 2017). The Prairie Pothole Region is characterized by millions of isolated wetlands interspersed among a landscape mosaic of agricultural fields and grasslands (Dahl, 2014). Increased crop demands in the last 15 years have led to a rapid expansion of land-use conversion from grassland to cropland and the expansion in use of subsurface drainage in the eastern portions of North and South Dakota (Tangen and Finocchiaro, 2017). This expansion has been associated with changes in cropping practices and greater use of wetland catchments and other low-production agricultural areas. On average , precipitation near the three study areas is about 21 inches per year (measured at climate site precip7, fig. 1). During the model period , annual precipitation ranged from 15 inches in 2006 to 28 inches in 2010 (fig. 2). Generally, more precipitation falls in May, June, and July, and less precipitation falls in January and February (High Plains Regional Climate Center, 2020).
Temperature in degrees Celsius (°C) may be converted to degrees Fahrenheit (°F) as follows:°F = (1.8 × °C) + 32.Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (°F) may be converted to degrees Celsius (°C) as follows: °C = (°F -32) / 1.8.Amount of substance concentrations in millimole per liter (mmol/L) may be converted to milligrams per liter as follows: mg/L = mmol/L x molar mass of compound (g/mol).Molality in millimole per kilogram (mmol/kg) may be converted to milligram per kilogram as follows: mg/L = mmol/kg of compound x molar mass of compound. DatumVertical coordinate information is referenced to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88).Horizontal coordinate information is referenced to the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83).Elevation, as used in this report, refers to distance above the vertical datum. Supplemental InformationSpecific conductance is given in microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius (µS/cm at 25 °C).Concentrations of chemical constituents in water are given in either milligrams per liter (mg/L) or micrograms per liter (µg/L).
For more information on the USGS-the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment-visit https://www.usgs.gov or call 1-888-ASK-USGS.For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit https://store.usgs.gov/.
The City of Deadwood, South Dakota, has been working on a new archeological investigation in preparation for economic growth and expansion within the city limits, through the Deadwood Historic Preservation Office. During the excavation process, buried artifacts and historical features from the late 1800s have been uncovered. The stratigraphy of shallow unconsolidated deposits in the city of Deadwood, S. Dak., was surveyed on January 29, 2020, using real-time kinematic survey methods and described to identify variations in geologic material, thickness, and depth from the land surface in support of archeological studies by the city. The findings of the study will provide city managers and the public with reliable and impartial information for their use by advancing field or analytical methodology and understanding of hydrologic processes in the study area. The primary excavation site was surveyed, and stratigraphic units were delineated from changes in material properties or depositional environment. The primary excavation site consisted of nine stratigraphic units; however, some units were not consistent along the length of the excavation and pinched out along the cross section. Survey data points also were collected for artifacts and other sites of interest. The shallow surficial geology in the study area was affected by human construction, fires, and flooding.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.