Dakota (Martin and others, 2004). Agricultural activities are extensive throughout eastern South Dakota (fig. 2). The largest cities in the basin have developed along the James, Vermillion, and Big Sioux Rivers, and contribute urban runoff and wastewater effluent discharges to these rivers. About 66 percent of the area in study watersheds in the Big Sioux River Basin is used for cultivated crops (fig. 2C), and other agricultural activities in the basin include livestock and concentrated animal-feeding operations (Homer and others, 2015). Crops grown in the Big Sioux River Basin

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The observed deposition of firework debris within Lafferty Gulch drainage basin coupled with the lack of alternative perchlorate sources indicates that past firework displays are the most probable source of perchlorate contamination. from shells that do not launch from the mortar (Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, 2007). Fallout of fine particulates is thought to occur in a uniform manner, whereas deposition of shell fragments and debris are irregular and are dependent on wind conditions, terrestrial features, and cleanup practices. Perchlorate absorbs poorly to most geologic materials, naturally attenuates only in facultative anaerobic environments, and is highly mobilized in groundwater (Gajjala, 2011). An adsorption test by Wilkin and others (2007) indicated that

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