Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA) in Malaysia has been a successful land development agency for the past fifty-two years. Established on 1 July 1956, it is the main government instrument in reducing rural poverty in the Federation of Malaya. FELDA itself has grown into a conglomerate with numerous subsidiaries and joint-venture companies engaged in a variety of related upstream and downstream business. This paper deals with women's participation in downstream activities. It provides an analysis on the motivational factors that influence the participation of the said activities among women in land development scheme. The objective of the study is to analyse motivational factors that encourage women to get involve in business activities. The study is quite important because FELDA wanted the settlers, men or women, to do more than just managing their oil palm or rubber holding but they must also become entrepreneurs in order to diversify their source of income. A set of questionnaire had been used as a method for data collection and it was distributed to 292 respondents involved in the downstream activities. There were ten areas surveyed which include FELDA Raja Alias,
Kertas ini bertujuan mengkaji hubungan antara perbelanjaan awam dengan pertumbuhan ekonomi di peringkat kerajaan negeri di Semenanjung Malaysia. Beberapa pemboleh ubah yang lain seperti hasil cukai, imbangan fiskal, dan jumlah populasi penduduk juga diambil kira dalam menganggar model persamaan. Kajian ini mengaplikasi ujian kointegrasi Johansen untuk menganalisis hubungan jangka panjang (kointegrasi) dan model vektor pembetulan ralat (VECM) untuk menentukan arah sebab-menyebab dalam jangka pendek dan jangka panjang dalam kalangan pemboleh ubah kajian. Keputusan kajian menunjukkan; pertama, tidak wujud hubungan jangka panjang antara output negeri dengan belanja awam di negeri Selangor. Kedua, di negeri Pahang dan Melaka wujud hubungan sebab-menyebab dua hala dalam jangka panjang antara output negeri dengan belanja awam. Ketiga, dalam jangka pendek, perubahan output signifikan menjadi penyebab Granger kepada perubahan perbelanjaan awam di Negeri Sembilan, Kedah, Melaka dan Pulau Pinang, yang menyokong hipotesis Wagner. Sebaliknya, di negeri Pahang dan Perak, perubahan perbelanjaan awam signifikan menjadi penyebab Granger kepada perubahan output dalam jangka pendek, yang mengesahkan hipotesis Keynes di negeri tersebut. Kata kunci: Perbelanjaan awam, pertumbuhan ekonomi, ujian kointegrasi Johansen, VECM, VAR.
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