ReportsReports arm the most aborltatlve and mat carefully coasidered products IDA pablisbes.They normally embody ras of maor projects which (a) hae a direct hearing on decisioan affecting maler programs, (b) address lIes of significant concern to the Executive Brnd, tho Congress and/or lbs public, or (c) address leaves that have signifcant eonomic Implicaton. IDA Reports are reviewed by outside panels of experts to ecure their high quality and reloeace to the problem studied, and they are released by the Prosidest of IDA. Group ReportGroup Reports record the findings and recalls of IDA stabieed working greups and panels copose of sesior loftvduis addressing major Issues whIM i Nott s W Qud ho the subject of an IDA Report. IDA Group Reports are reviewed by the senior individuals responsible for the proect and others as selected by IDA to snare their high quality and reloence to the problems studied, and are released by the President of IDA. PapersPapers, als authoitatov and carefully considered preducts of IDA, address studies that are naffeower In scope than those covered In Reports. IDA Papers are reviewed to eusere that they mesd the high etbodards expected ofrefereed papers In professional journals or fs. Aen cy reprs IDA Deconientsae ed fu hPoenleceof thesponsorortheanalysts(a) to reor substantive work done In quick reaction stidies, (b) to record the proceedings of conferences ad meetings, (c) to make available preliminary and tentative results of aeslyses, (d) to reor data developed In tie course of an Investigaotion, or (a) to forward Inrmos at MIs essuetheily, unanal"e and unevvalfd. AGENCY USE ONLY SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 12A. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT DISTRIBUTION CODEApproved for public release; distribution unlimited. ABSTRACT (Maximum 2W words)The purpose of this study was to assess the potential cost savings of using a coproduction versus a competition acquisition strategy for the U.S. Army's Light Helicopter (LH) program (formerly LHX). The Army's Baseline Cost Estimate (BCE) is examined and reproduced before adjustments are made based on changes in the methodology used by the Army. The analysis of costs covers all production costs and considers the time value of money, the production schedule, and sustainment costs. Based on their analysis, the authors conclude that coproduction would be the least-cost acquisition strategy. The objective of the task was to assess the potential cost savings to the U.S. government that would resuit from coproduction of the Light Helicopter (LH) versus use of two full-facility production lines. The genesis of this assessment was the LH Milestone I Acquisition Decision Memorandum of 17 June 1988 from the Deputy Secretary of Defense to the Secretary of the Army, which conveyed the Defense Acquisition Board's decision to authorize the restructured LH program to proceed into the demonstration/validation phase. In that memorandum, the Army was directed to review the acquisition strategy to assess potential cost savings from coproduction versus two competing full...
Musculoskeletal complaint in skeletal muscles could vary from mild to very severe. This study was aimed to obtain the profile of musculoskeletal complaints and their risk factors among online gamers at internet cafés in Manado. The involved risk factors were, as follows: work posture, body size, and smoking habit. This was a quantitative study with a descriptive observational method. Respondents were obtained by using non random sampling with a purposive sampling technique. There were 40 respondents involved in this study. Based on the level of musculoskeletal complaints, 3 respondents (7.5%) had mild musculoskeletal complaints, 27 respondents (67.5%) had moderate musculoskeletal complaints, and 10 respondents (25.0%) had severe musculoskeletal complaints. Based on sitting position, there were 6 respondents (15.0%) with moderate risk, 23 respondents (57.5%) with high risk, and 11 respondents (27.5%) with very high risk. Based on body size, there were 5 underweight respondents (12.5%), 30 normal weight respondents (75.0%), 3 overweight respondents (7.5%), and 2 obese respondents (5.0%). Smoking habit was found in 32 respondents (77.5%). In conclusion, most of the online gamers had moderate musculoskeletal complaints, high risk sitting position, normal weight, and smoking habit.Keywords: musculoskeletal complaints, risk factors, online gamers Abstrak: Keluhan muskuloskeletal merupakan keluhan yang dirasakan pada otot skeletal bervariasi dari yang ringan sampai ke parah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan gambaran keluhan muskuloskeletal serta faktor-faktor risikoya pada online gamer di warung internet Kota Manado. Faktor-faktor risiko yang dibahas ialah posisi kerja, ukuran tubuh, dan kebiasaan merokok. Jenis penelitian ialah kuantitatif, dengan model penelitian observasi deskriptif. Responden penelitian diperoleh menggunakan non random sampling dengan teknik purposive sampling dan didapatkan sebanyak 40 online gamer. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa berdasarkan tingkat keluhan muskuloskeletal: ringan sebanyak 3 orang (7,5%); sedang sebanyak 27 orang (67,5%); dan berat sebanyak 10 orang (25,0%). Berdasarkan posisi duduk diperoleh risiko sedang pada 6 orang (15,0%); risiko tinggi pada 23 orang (57,5%); dan risiko sangat tinggi pada 11 orang (27,5%). Berdasarkan ukuran tubuh diperoleh yang kurus berjumlah 5 orang (12,5%); normal, berjumlah 30 orang (75,0%); kegemukan, berjumlah 3 orang (7,5%); dan obesitas berjumlah 2 orang (5,0%). Berdasarkan kebiasaan merokok diperoleh yang merokok berjumlah 32 orang (77,5%) dan yang tidak merokok berjumlah 8 orang (22,5%). Simpulan penelitian ini ialah sebagian besar online gamer dengan keluhan muskuloskeletal sedang, posisi duduk berisiko tinggi, ukuran tubuh normal, dan kebiasaan merokok.Kata kunci: keluhan muskuloskeletal, faktor risiko, online gamer
The presence of the heavy metal lead (Pb), which accumulates in water and sediment, will enter into the life of organisms which can have a toxic effect on the organisms in it. This study aimed to analyze the health risks of consuming Mujair fish (Oreochromis Mossambicus) which contains the heavy metal Pb in the river flow of Soyoan Village, Ratatotok District, Southeast Minahasa Regency. The research method was descriptive with an environmental health risk analysis (ARKL) approach. Determination of lead levels in fish, water, and sediments used the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer method with a graphite furnace. The results showed that the average Pb in Mujair fish was 0.23 mg/kg, the average Pb in water was 1.48 mg/liter, and the average in sediment was 52.98 mg/kg. Pb concentrations in aquatic fish and sediments had exceeded the threshold. The Risk Quotion (RQ) value wasstill below 1 (RQ < 1), meaning that Mujair fish (Oreochromis Mossambicus) in the Soyoan river was still safe for consumption. The ECR value ≤ 10-4 indicated that making risk management was not something that needs to be prioritized. However, the presence of high concentrations was an indicator so that the rate of intake and frequency of exposure can be reduced. In Islamic teachings, it has been explained that damage to the environment due to human actions has an adverse effect on the biota and threatens the surrounding community's health.
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