The article presents the use of childhood figures in the process of constructing a militaristic discourse in Russian society. The author also tries to identify ways to use similar figures of childhood in different historical and political contexts. Comparative analysis was related to the figures taken from the reality of the Soviet Union and modern Russia. The method of analysis was based on a narrative analysis. Analysing propaganda broadcasts at the syntactic and paradigmatic level, the paper shows that propaganda texts created in different times use similar measures plots distant in time use similar measures. The use of figures of childhood appears to be the one of the most effective tools of military propaganda in Russia.
Prezentowany tekst odnosi się do zmian cywilizacyjnych wywołanych wybuchem pandemii COVID-19, rozpatrywanych w kontekście wschodniego Donbasu w Ukrainie. Główna zmiana definiowana jest jako ustąpienie wagi dominacji militarnej państw na korzyść rezyliencji, definiowanej jako zdolność jednostki lub dowolnego systemu do przygotowania się na zakłócenia, wychodzenie ze wstrząsów i stresów oraz zdolność do adaptacji po destrukcyjnym doświadczeniu. Ważnym warunkiem rozwoju rezyliencji jest zaufanie do władzy oraz instytucji państwa, z których decydującą rolę odgrywają instytucje edukacyjne. W przypadku Ukrainy budowanie rezyliencji utrudnione jest funkcjonowaniem atypowej linii rozgraniczenia ze wschodnim Donbasem, gdzie ukształtowały się zależne od Federacji Rosyjskiej samozwańcze republiki. Pandemiczna granica stała się polem konfliktu, w zastępstwie otwartych działań militarnych. Obecność tej linii, wynikająca z działań wojennych, negatywnie wpływa na możliwości funkcjonowania systemu edukacyjnego po obu jej stronach. Niezbędne staje się podjęcie działań wspierających system edukacyjny przede wszystkim w celu ograniczenia ryzyka porzucenia szkoły, a w szerszej perspektywie wzmocnienie procesów rezyliencyjnych, które mogą przeciwdziałać negatywnym skutkom propagandy i bezpośrednich działań wojennych.
The paper presents the results of ethnographic research on the mechanism of war framing combined with an analysis of the representation of children. Based on the analysis of materials from the Russian media (the case of crucifixion of a boy in Slavyansk) and ethnographic interviews with teachers in Kramatorsk, the author asks questions about the mechanisms of constructing the ontologies of child subjects by institutions of power in the conditions of war and the differentiation of grief after them. The conducted analysis, based mainly on the theses of Judith Butler, shows the differences in the construction of child subjects on both sides of the conflict. The author also points to the similarities in the treatment of children’s bodies, understood universally as the projection surface of affects,especially those related to patriotism.
Brought out of silence is a category used by Smolińska-Theiss to present children’s narrations and dialogues about their everyday matters. They take the form of letters to God, to presidents, albums with children’s drawings, photos, children’s films, graffiti, posts and comments. Originally, they date back to Korczak’s studies. Our text is also an act of letting children speak and appreciating their comments and opinions. It is concerned with children’s understanding of the world. Defining the meaning of life by children is the key category here. We called it “a comparative study” due to the fact that we will present utterances by both Polish and Ukrainian children as the category “a meaning of life” may be interpreted differently in various cultural, political or social contexts. The research carried out both in Poland and abroad indicates that a child is a competent unit capable of making logical utterances with the content which shows deep understanding of the world. This text is based on the following theoretical studies: – thinking about a child originating in a postmodernist childhood paradigm as well as psychological constructivism; – the analysis of research material has been based on Judith Butler’s theory – Frames of War.
In the article, based on theoretical assumptions about framing mechanisms taken from the work of Georg Lakoff and the Polish tradition of post-dependence research, the author conducts a comparative analysis of cases of reframing the hegemonic and strongly patriarchal narratives regarding the pedagogical legacy of Janusz Korczak and Ivan Jermakov. As a result of systemic changes after 1989, narratives so far suppressed have come to the fore. It applies to minority voices, especially female voices. The comparative analysis took into account the voices of female educators from Poland and the Soviet Union – Maria Rogowska-Falska and Vera Schmidt. The main questions concern how hegemonic pedagogical discourses may erode and whether the processes of redefining pedagogical thought in Poland are analogous to trends in other countries of Central and Eastern Europe? The study points to far-reaching analogies of the processes of reframing in Poland and Russia. This has its consequences for our understanding of the achievements of Janusz Korczak in Poland and the roots of psychoanalysis in the Soviet Union.
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