English as an international language is used and learned by people not only from English speaking countries but also from non-English speaking countries. In Indonesia, English is a foreign language that has different pronunciation system with Indonesian language. Because of these differences, many beginner English learners meet with difficulties in learning English. In this library research, the researcher uses some references that carefully reviewed to gather data related to the information required for completing this article. It is found that beginner English learners usually face several obstacles in learning English, such as the difficulties in determining the word class of the same vocabulary, the difficulties in pronouncing due to different elements between English and Indonesian language, and also the difficulties because of the different distribution of phonetic characteristics between English and Indonesia.Keywords: pronunciation; learners; beginner; obstacles; characteristcs.
Culture is system of idea and act as a result of human creation. A culture becomes history when their community leave it. A language, as part of culture, becomes dead when a speech community leave it. Preserving culture and language is important to keep our identity and civilization. This research shows how Javanese speech community keep their use of Javanese to maintain their culture in Northern Semarang as Javanese environment by taking the data from Junior Highschool students. The result shows that most of them still maintain Javanese, especially the lowest level of Javanese (Ngoko) to talk to their friend in casual situation. Few of them understand the highest level of Javanese (Krama) to honor the older. They are also able to write and read Javanese letters since it is taught as a school subject with local content. Javanese language and culture maintenance is supported by the local government to promote Semarang tourism industry to gain more benefit for the local people and the local government. Preserving culture by maintaining the language must be supported by the environment by using it in daily conversation and teaching it in school to make the young generation understand and use the language.
As part of their creation as social creature, culture represents human being complex system of thought and practice. When people –as their creator– leave a culture, it becomes history. To maintain a culture, people should continuously use and keep them in their daily life as their cultural identity and part of their civilization. This research shows how a particular Javanese community keep their culture by holding a Javanese traditional culinary market at Dhoplang, Wonogiri, exposing Javanese traditional cuisine, clothing, language and local wisdom of environment friendly by using various leaves as wrapping to support plasticless society. It is also done to support Wonogiri tourism by obtaining more income from the vistitors for local people and government.
Culture is one of human civilization evidence that makes them live a cultured and a civilized life. Lurik is one of Javanese local wisdom of utilizing natural fabric material which is abundant around the environment. It is specially made and tailored into lurik for Javanese low-class society since the high-class society choose to wear batik to show their high class. This research shows how lurik, particularly its waste, is used as part of Javanese modern and traditional items in local and small business of handicraft home industry in Yogyakarta. In addition to the wise use of lurik waste, the home industry is employing housewives from low class family. Apart from the fact that their wages are lower than the average workers, which is affordable for the small business, employing housewives means helping them to earn additional income to improve their families’ wealth. The data were collected by holding literature review of lurik’s philosophy, observation of the business activities, and interview with the parties involved in the business. The result shows that Javanese local people understand well the philosophy of lurik and utilize it properly for the sake of their benefit, that is, their business and their workers’ better life condition.
Culture represents human being civilization. The more complex a culture is, the more civilized human being who are possessing the culture. Acultured and civilized society can be seen through its lifestyle. As part of human lifestyle, fashion plays an important role as culture identity. Lurik is Javanese low to middle class society culture identity. It is their local wisdom of utilizing abundant and affordablenatural resource of fabric or clothingmaterial in Java. This research shows how Javanese people understand lurikphilosophy as Javanese traditional clothing and its particular use for the low-class society. The data were collected by doing literature review of lurik’s philosophy, observation of lurik use, and interview with local people who understand well about lurik and its meaning for them. The result shows that only particular Javanese people understand the lurik philosophy well and utilize it properly for the low-class society benefit, such as wearing it as a particular clothing that protects them from danger and wearing it as uniform for traditional ceremony.The meaning of lurik is already shifted from protection from danger under its philosophy and culture identity as low-class Javanese society into casual daily outfit andcommercial goods for business including tourism.
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