RESUMO -O ensaio foi realizado com o objetivo de determinar o consumo médio diário (CMD) e o coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) dos nutrientes das silagens de milho, sorgo e girassol, em ovinos, e avaliar o balanço de nitrogênio. Foram utilizados nove ovinos machos, castrados, em um delineamento em quadrado latino 3x3 (três tratamentos e três períodos), alojados em gaiolas metabólicas. O CMD de matéria seca (MS), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) e proteína bruta (PB) das silagens de milho e girassol não diferiram entre si. O CMD de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e extrato etéreo (EE) foram maiores para as silagens de milho e girassol, respectivamente. Os CDA da MS e EE foram maiores para a silagem de girassol e menores para a silagem de sorgo. Os CDA da FDN e PB foram similares para todas as silagens. ABSTRACT -The experiment was carried out with the objective of determining the daily average intake (DAI) and apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of corn, sorghum and sunflower silages nutrients. The nitrogen balance was also evaluated. Nine castrated, male sheeps, kept in metabolism cages, in a 3 x 3 (three treatments and three periods), latin square design, were used. DAI of dry matter (DM), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and crude protein (CP) of corn silage of sunflower silage did not differ. DAI of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and ether extract (EE) were higher in corn and sunflower silages, respectively. ADC of DM and EE were higher in sunflower silage than in sorghum silage. ADC of NDF and CP were similar for all silages. . Zootec., v.31, n.1, p.267-272, 2002 Introdução O milho (Zea mays L.) é originário do continente americano e adaptado às regiões tropicais e subtropicais (Fancelli & Lima, 1982). Sabe-se que o Brasil é um dos maiores produtores mundiais de milho, sendo que os estados da região sul e sudeste concentram 70,00% do cereal produzido (IBGE, 2000). O sorgo (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) é originário da África e adaptado às condições tropicais, possuindo ciclo vegetativo de 90 -100 dias (Nascimento Jr., 1975). O girassol (Helianthus annuus L.) é cultivado em quase todos os continentes e, no Brasil, ocupa 22.000 ha de área plantada, com uma produção estimada de 11.000 t e rendimento médio de 500 kg de grãos/ha. Entretanto, em condições favoráveis, pode produzir até 4.000 kg/ha (Souza, 1998). R. BrasO milho, o sorgo e o girassol tem sido utilizados como forrageiras na alimentação de ruminantes, na forma in natura ou conservada. A conservação de forragem através da ensilagem, embora mais dispendiosa do que o uso direto de pastagem, tem sido recomendada e viabilizada para utilização na época de seca (Embrater, 1982).Como opção na alimentação animal, o girassol na forma de silagem chega a produzir de 50 a 70 toneladas de matéria verde/ha (Souza, 1998). A produtividade média de matéria verde de milho para ensilagem é de 25 a 30 t/ha (Aguiar et al., 1993). Entretanto, Carvalho et al. (1996) relataram produção de 31,25 a 47,26 toneladas de matéria verde/ha. O sorgo produz, em média, 50 t/h...

This experiment was carried out with the objectives of determining the daily average intake (DAI), apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of coast cross hay and pigeon pea nutrients and to evaluate the nitrogen balance in sheep. Ten wethers with average weight of 27.50 kg, alloted to suitable cages, were used. A completely randomized design with two treatments (T1= 80% coast cross hay + 20% pigeon pea and T2= 60% coast cross hay + 40% pigeon pea) and five replicates, was used. The treatments were evaluated under two feeding systems (voluntary and restrict). Animals receiving ration of T2 presented higher DAI (g/kg PV 0.75 ) (P<0.05) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CB), crude fiber (CF), organic matter (OM) and nitrogen free extract (NFE), than animals receiving ration of T1. ADC of CF of the T2 were higher (P<0.05) than the ration T1. The nitrogen balance (BN) of animals that received 40% of pigeon pea (13.15g N/dia) was superior to the those receiving 20% of this leguminous (10.29g N/dia). It can be concluded that the pigeon pea can be used as protein source in the ruminant feeding, making possible ADC for DM close to 52% for animals in voluntary intake and 81% for animals in restricted intake. The increase in the percentage of pigeon pea in the sheep diets fed with Coast-cross hay can result in improvement of diet CF digestibility, as well as, in animals nitrogen balance.

The study of the interaction between parasitoid and host, especially the age of these organisms, is an important step towards the implementation of biological control programs. Therefore, we investigated the performance of Ooencyrtus submetallicus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and Trissolcus sp. aff. urichi (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) parasitizing eggs of Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), considering different ages of the parasitoids and the host. We performed four laboratory bioassays: two using females of O. submetallicus and Trissolcus sp. aff. urichi at 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, or 144 hours of age exposed to parasitism in N. viridula eggs (24 h) and two trials with N. viridula eggs at 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, or 144 hours exposed to the parasitism of O. submetallicus and Trissolcus sp. aff. urichi (24 h). We evaluated the percentage of parasitism and emergence, life cycle length, progeny, sex ratio, and the longevity of the parasitoids. The parasitism of O. submetallicus in N. viridula eggs was influenced by the age of the parasitoid, 120 hours being the minimum to obtain better parasitism. From this age on, there is interference in the longevity of the progeny. Trisolcus sp. aff. urichi, at all ages, parasitized N. viridula eggs relatively well, but with almost no emergence of the parasitized eggs. Females of O. submetallicus parasitized and developed in eggs of N. viridula of all ages. Females of Trissolcus sp. aff. urichi parasitized their host, but there was barely any emergence. These pieces of information regarding the breeding methodology contribute to the implementation of new protocols for the multiplication of these parasitoids in the laboratory, and later, their release in the field.

Resumo -Grapholita molesta (Busck) e Bonagota salubricola (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) são os dois principais lepidópteros-praga da cultura da macieira no Brasil. Com o objetivo de avaliar parâmetros biológicos de Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) no controle destes insetos, foi estudada uma linhagem deste parasitoide coletada em ovos de B. salubricola em pomar de macieiras na região de Fraiburgo, Santa Catarina, Brasil e criada em laboratório no hospedeiro alternativo Sitotroga cerealella (Oliv.) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). O experimento foi conduzido em câmara climatizada à 25 ± 1ºC, com 70 ± 10% de umidade relativa e fotofase de 14 horas. Foram individualizadas 30 fêmeas de T. pretiosum recém-emergidas em tubos de vidro (8,0 x 2,5 cm), contendo no seu interior gotículas de mel para alimentação dos parasitoides. Nos tubos foram introduzidas simultaneamente duas cartelas, uma com 30 ovos de G. molesta e outra com 30 ovos de B. salubricola, com até 12 horas de desenvolvimento embrionário. O parasitismo por T. pretiosum e a razão sexual foram superiores em ovos de G. molesta e na avaliação da longevidade de adultos não se verificou diferenças significativas. A linhagem de T. pretiosum estudada mostrou preferência a ovos de G. molesta em detrimento aos de B. salubricola.Palavras-chave -Bonagota salubricola. Controle biológico. Grapholita molesta. Parasitoides. (Busck) and Bonagota salubricola (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) are the two main lepidopterous pests of the apple culture in Brazil. With the objective of evaluating biological parameters of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in the control of these insects, it was studied a strain of the parasitoid collected in B. salubricola eggs in a apple orchard of Fraiburgo, Santa Catarina State, Brazil and created in laboratory in the host alternative Sitotroga cerealella (Oliv.) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). The experiment was driven in acclimatized chamber to 25 ± 1ºC, 70 ± 10% of relative humidity and fotofase of 14 hours. Thirty T. pretiosum females recently-emerged were individualized in glass tubes (8.0 x 2.5 cm), containing in interior honey droplets for feeding of the parasitoid. In the tubes were introduced two cards simultaneously, one with 30 G. molesta eggs and other with 30 B. salubricola eggs, both with 12 hours of embryonic development. The parasitism for T. pretiosum and sex ratio was superior in G. molesta eggs and in the evaluation of the viability and longevity of adults were not verified significant differences. The strain of T. pretiosum investigated showed preference for G. molesta eggs in detriment to B. salubricola eggs. Abstract -Grapholita molesta

RESUMO -O experimento foi realizado com os objetivos de determinar o consumo médio diário (CMD), o coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) dos nutrientes do feno de aveia e ervilha e avaliar o balanço de nitrogênio em ovinos. Foram utilizados dez ovinos machos, castrados, com peso médio de 36,64 kg, alojados em gaiolas para metabolismo, em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com dois tratamentos (T1 = 80% de feno de aveia + 20% de ervilha e T2 = 60% de feno de aveia + 40% de ervilha) e cinco repetições por tratamento. Os tratamentos foram avaliados sob dois regimes alimentares (consumo voluntário e restrito). O CMD de matéria seca (MS) e fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) não diferiram entre tratamentos, e o CMD de fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) e fibra bruta (FB), foram maiores para o tratamento 1. Para animais sob regime de consumo voluntário, as médias de consumo desses nutrientes foram maiores para aqueles recebendo ração com 60% de feno + 40% de ervilha. Não houve diferença significativa entre os regimes alimentares para o coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) da matéria seca (MS), extrato não nitrogenado (ENN) e proteína bruta (PB), entretanto, o CDA da matéria orgânica (MO), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra bruta (FB) foram maiores no consumo restrito. Observou-se que houve maiores CDA da MS, ENN, MO e PB no tratamento 2 e não houve diferenças entre os tratamentos para o CDA da FDN e FB. Palavras-chave: consumo restrito, consumo voluntário, ruminantes Oat Hay (Avena sativa L.) and Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Nutrients Digestibility and Nutrients Average Intake by Sheep under Two Feeding SystemsABSTRACT -This experiment was carried out with the objectives of determining the daily average intake (DAI), apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of oat hay and pea nutrients and to evaluate the nitrogen balance in sheep. Ten wethers with average weight of 36.64 kg, alloted to suitable cages, were used. A completely randomized design with two treatments (T1= 80% oat hay + 20% pea and T2= 60% oat hay + 40% pea) and five replicates, was used. The treatments were evaluated under two feeding systems (voluntary and restrict). Daily average intake of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) did not differ between treatments.Daily average intake of acid detergent fiber (ADF) and crude fiber (CF) were higher for treatment one. Animals submmitted to voluntary intake, showed higher nutrients average intake than the ones fed diet with 60% oat hay + 40% pea. There was no significant difference between both feeding systems to ADC of DM, nitrogen free extract (NFE) and crude protein (CP). However, ADC of organic matter (OM), ADF, NDF and CF were higher in restrict intake. There was higher ADC of DM, NFE, OM and CP in treatment two and there was no differences between treatments to ADC and NDF and CF.

Parasitoids control insect pests, but their number per host affects their efficiency. The objective of this work was to evaluate the best density of Tetrastichus howardi (Olliff, 1893) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) individuals parasitizing fourth instar Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) larvae in greenhouse conditions. These larvae were exposed to parasitism by T. howardi females with 1:1, 3:1, 6:1, 9:1, 12:1, 15:1 and 18:1 parasitoid/host ratios with 10 replications during 96 hours. After this period the larvae were kept on host plants (Brassica oleracea) until pupa formation. Tetrastichus howardi parasitized and reproduced in P. xylostella larvae at all its densities tested, but with higher values, 84% and 10 ± 2.4 individuals, respectively, with 9:1 parasitoids/host. Nine T. howardi females per P. xylostella larvae are the adequate number to manage this insect pest.

The commercial and industrial sectors have come up against paradigm changes that concern the need for improving their activities, in order to develop processes with less environmental impact, sustainable and energy-efficient, aiming at reducing energy consumption. Technologies based on renewable sources for power generation, such as solar and wind, have emerged as an alternative for these sectors. With the development of distributed generation technologies, such as photovoltaic cells, wind turbines, and so on, it is necessary to identify and classify the disturbances that embedded electronic systems in these technologies may cause on distributed grids. This paper presents some data collected and analyzed on the Smart City Búzios project, where were installed three small wind turbines and solar photovoltaic systems in different grid points. This work presents and discusses some data collected on these systems regarding harmonic analysis. In the remaining of this paper is discussed data related to: vertical wind turbines, photovoltaic system for charging electric vehicles, photovoltaic system feeding computerized command center and photovoltaic system powering LED lamps in public area.

No abstract