As an archipelagic country, Indonesian government gives subsidy and public service obligation (PSO) to Sea Tollway, Pelni and Pioneer vessels to distribute freights to small islands. These three types of vessel are independently managing their own time and network. As the result, the distribution network becomes unintegrated and not optimal in suppressing transport cost and subsidy-PSO. The aim of this paper is to develop and implement bi-level model in sea transport network integration on freight distribution system on archipelagic territory. Upper level model is intended to minimalize the number of operated vessels, while lower level model is intended to determine the route that maximize the profit in freight distribution that involves Sea Tollway, Pelni and Pioneer vessels. The application of genetic algorithm (GA) in problem solving on milk run time windows (MRTW) network can accommodate the uncertainty variable, namely load and wave height. The result of model validation with empirical test on the case in Indonesia shows that the model can gives optimal value in solving the network integration problem. The sensitivity analysis shows that the number of operating vessels and the uncertainty variable intervention on the determination of vessel route affect the clustering. The management of vessel route should be integrated in real time by factoring the wave height variable, with consequence that the received gross profit is decreasing by 11,8% when compared to the condition without the wave height consideration.
The main problem of the distribution of freight in archipelago countries such as Indonesia is how to ensure that the outlying and outermost islands are served optimally, with low freight costs and optimal frequency of vessel stops at ports. There are three types of vessels that are subsidized and have the duty of public service obligation (PSO) from the government, namely Sea Tollway, Pelni, and Pioneer shipping. Each vessel has a different route and is not mutually integrated so that its services are not optimal. Integration of the distribution systems of the three types of vessels is needed, thus the distribution costs and the round voyages of vessels are expected to be more optimal and services can be more competitive. The high cost of freight distribution must be minimized so that the government's burden on PSO subsidies can be reduced. This study aims to determine the parameters of the variables that influence the development of an integrated sea transport network model for freight distribution in a region consisting of many islands. The method used was Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and the variables used were time, cost, freight, port characteristics, vessel characteristics, government policies, and environmental factors (waves and weather). The data used were the results of a questionnaire from 238 respondents, a sample consisting of regulators, shipping operators, academics, and distributors. The results of the conformity testing of the SEM model indicate that all variables have a significant effect on the process of integration of sea transportation networks in the region of the archipelago.
Merak Port of Java and Bakauheni Port of Sumatera are connected by ferry lines. However, the number of ferry ships and facilities of the two ports are not able to accommodate the number of vehicles that cross. Queues of vehicles often occur and waiting times at the port are very high and have an impact on the accumulation of vehicles on the road to the port. Anticipating these conditions, it is possible to open a short sea shipping (SSS) route from Ciwandan port to Panjang port as an alternative route for shifting some of the vehicles served by those ferry ships. This research aims to analyze the efficiency of opening the Ciwandan–Panjang SSS route in terms of benefits for stakeholders, cost efficiency for vehicle users, and the potential for CO2 reduction from exhaust gases. We use a descriptive quantitative method. The analytical techniques used include port cost analysis, benefit analysis (for the government and ship operators), comparative analysis of transportation costs, and analysis of the impact of reducing CO2 emissions, which are valued monetarily. The results of the analysis show that the operation of the Ciwandan–Panjang SSS can reduce the total cost of vehicles compared to the Merak–Bakuheni route. Owners of cargo vehicles are able to save on logistics costs of IDR 332 billion per year. Estimated state revenue through non-tax state revenues (NTSI) and value-added tax (VAT) is increased. Losses due to CO2 emissions are estimated to be reduced, with a value of up to IDR 511 billion per year.
Penelitian ini bertujuan (1) menjelaskan potensi kawasan Kota Terpadu Mandiri Air Terang terhadap permintaan pergerakan transportasi, (2) merumuskan strategi pengembangan jaringan jalan untuk menunjang distribusi hasil produksi pada kawasan Kota Terpadu Mandiri (KTM) Air Terang. Penelitian yang digunakan adalah studi kasusdengan pendekatan metodepenelitian deskriptif kualitatif dan kuantitatif, untuk melihat secara umum wilayah studi dan bertujuan menggambarkan secara sistematis, cermat dan akurat dalam menganalisis potensi sumber daya alam wilayah, mengidentifikasi kondisi jaringan jalan serta penyediaan prasarana jalan sebagai faktor penting yang akan berpengaruh pada tingkat pencapaian fungsi Kota Terpadu Mandiri (KTM) Air Terang Kabupaten Buol. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan metode analisis LQ, Skalogram dan SWOT. Hasil analisa dan pembahasan menunjukkan bahwa prasarana transportasi di Kabupaten Buol belum terpadu, efektif dan efisien dalam menunjang pengembangan wilayah transmigrasi yang diprogramkan olehkementeriantransmigrasi dan pedesaan melalui program pengembangan Kota Terpadu Mandiri. Jaringan jalan arteri dan kolektor sebagai prasarana transportasi yang menghubungkan antar wilayah kecamatan belum berfungsi dengan baik dalam mendistribusi hasil produksi kepusat distribusi dimana kondisi jalan sebagian besar mengalami rusak berat sehingga perlu penanganan yang serius oleh pemerintah daerah Kabupaten Buol. Strategi pengembangan jaringan jalan yang perlu diprioritaskan adalah pembangunan/pemeliharaan jaringan jalan menuju kawasan-kawasan potensial untuk menunjang pertumbuhan dan pengembangan wilayah, serta peningkatan sarana transportasi dalammendukung mobilitas penduduk sehingga potensi sumberdaya alam dapat dimafaatkan guna meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat transmigrasi yang ada di Kabupaten Buol.
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