The cassava starch wastewater contains organic materials (as BOD, COD) in high concentrations so it has the potential to cause pollution in the aquatic environment. Several methods of cassava starch wastewater treatment have been used to reduce the concentration of organic matter (pollutants) in cassava starch wastewater, including Activated Sludge, Stabilization Pond, Anaerobic-Aerobic filter process. However, various studies continue to be carried out to get higher processing efficiency on the factors that influence it. Several factors influence the efficiency of wastewater treatment processes, including the type and origin of decomposing microorganisms, hydraulic residence time (HRT), organic load rate (OLR), process design, pH, and temperature. The research aimed to evaluate the performance of the AnF2B reactor in treating cassava starch wastewater, in which the reactor performance is shown by changes in organic matter removal (COD removal) and biogas production. The research is conducted using 3 types of AnF2B reactors wherein each AnF2B reactor contains a bee nest-shaped bio-filter as a growth medium for the consortium of indigenous bacteria. The AnF2B reactor operates in anaerobic conditions with a set temperature of 29–30 °C and a pH of 4.5–7. In each AnF2B reactor, cassava starch wastewater is fed with different OLR so that each reactor has an HRT of 5, 6, and 7 days. The concentration of COD at the influent and effluent of the reactor was measured and the biogas was produced using the APHA standard method. The results showed that the AnF2B reactor had a satisfactory performance in COD removal and biogas production, which at HRT: 6 days and OLR of 1.72 g/L·day found that the maximum COD removal was 98 % and the volume of biogas of 4.8 L/L·day was produced on the 12th day
Refused-Derived Fuel (RDF) in global energy demand plants has risen over the past decades as a sustainable secondary supply of energy resources. Food waste as a significant fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW) has a great potential for energy production especially in developing country such as Indonesia. To date, many industries focus on drying technologies development for utilization of food waste for energy conversion. Lowering moisture content of food waste is essential to improve RDF heating value (LHV) and further to avoid more steam generation in the combustor. Vaporization of the moisture in fuel consumes a portion of the available energy. The review highlights a number of drying technology application for RDF including direct and indirect steam drying. Furthermore, the review highlights the considerable opportunity for further development of dryer application for Indonesia"s cement industry.
Indonesia memiliki sumber daya alam hayati yang banyak dan beragam. Di antaranya adalah tanaman-tanaman penghasil minyak atsiri (essential oil). Minyak cengkeh (Syzygium Aromaticum) merupakan salah satu minyak atsiri yang memiliki nilai ekonomis tinggi. Semakin banyaknya minyak cengkeh yang dibutuhkan masyarakat maka sebagian besar produksi minyak cengkeh dilakukan menggunakan penyulingan. Terdapat banyak metode distilasi pada era modern saat ini untuk memperoleh minyak cengkeh. Kajian ini bertujuan membandingkan hasil karakteristik minyak cengkeh dari berbagai metode distilasi untuk memperoleh kualitas minyak cengkeh yang terbaik, serta menganalisis metode distilasi yang efektif dan efisien untuk menghasilkan kualitas minyak cengkeh yang berkualitas tinggi sesuai standar mutu. Pada makalah ini diuraikan beberapa perolehan karakteristik minyak cengkeh dari metode distilasi uap, distilasi air, distilasi uap dan air, serta dengan bantuan microwave dalam kondisi operasi pada masing-masing metode. Hasil evaluasi dari berbagai metode distilasi yang menghasilkan karakteristik minyak cengkeh terdapat pada metode uap dan air distilasi (steam-hydro distillation) dengan microwave dihasilkan kadar eugenol, rendemen (%), indeks bias, dan warna yaitu 89,76%; 5,20%; 1,5178; dan cokelat kekuningan.
Perkembangan yang terjadi di dunia konstruksi juga berdampak pada bahan-bahan konstruksi itu sendiri, seperti perkembangan yang terjadi pada semen instan.Semen instan didefinisikan sebagai campuran material yang terdiri dari agregat halus (aditif), semen, dan air dengan komposisi tertentu. Setiap konstruksi bangunan yang menggunakan beton, selalu menggunakan semen instan, baik itu sebagai bahan perekat, plesteran, maupun acian untuk pembangunan konstruksi tersebut. Untuk mempercepat kerja kontruksi bangunan diperlukan bahan yang cepat,ringkas dan siap pakai. Dengan tambahan zat aditif pada plesteran menambah kekuatan dan kualitas dari plester tembok Aditif merupakam bahan tambah yang bersifat mineral ditambahkan saat pengadukan dilaksanakan. Bahan tambahan lebih banyak bersifat penyemenan jadi cocok digunakan untuk memperbaiki kinerja kekuatannya.
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