Recent advances in deep learning have shown many successful stories in smart healthcare applications with data-driven insight into improving clinical institutions’ quality of care. Excellent deep learning models are heavily data-driven. The more data trained, the more robust and more generalizable the performance of the deep learning model. However, pooling the medical data into centralized storage to train a robust deep learning model faces privacy, ownership, and strict regulation challenges. Federated learning resolves the previous challenges with a shared global deep learning model using a central aggregator server. At the same time, patient data remain with the local party, maintaining data anonymity and security. In this study, first, we provide a comprehensive, up-to-date review of research employing federated learning in healthcare applications. Second, we evaluate a set of recent challenges from a data-centric perspective in federated learning, such as data partitioning characteristics, data distributions, data protection mechanisms, and benchmark datasets. Finally, we point out several potential challenges and future research directions in healthcare applications.

Limbah kayu mahoni dapat dikategorikan sebagai limbah lignoselulosa yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku pembuatan biofuel, seperti bioetanol. Selulosa pada limbah kayu mahoni dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku produksi crude selulase dengan bantuan kapang Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Crude selulase yang dihasilkan memiliki nilai ekonomis yang tinggi dan dapat dimanfaatkan dalam berbagai bidang. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh waktu fermentasi dan penambahan konsentrasi  serbuk kayu mahoni terhadap aktivitas crude selulase, dan untuk mengetahui kondisi operasi terbaik sehingga diperoleh crude selulase dengan aktivitas yang tertinggi. Produksi crude selulase dari limbah kayu mahoni melalui beberapa tahapan yaitu, size reduction, peremajaan dan pembuatan inokulum kapang Phanerocheate chrysosporium, produksi crude selulase dan uji aktivitas selulase dengan metode DNS. Variabel berubah pada penelitian ini adalah % penambahan serbuk kayu mahoni pada media pembuatan crude selulase yaitu 5%, 6% dan 7%, dan waktu inkubasi pembuatan crude selulase yaitu 9, 11, 13, 15 dan 17 hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, semakin lama waktu fermentasi, dan semakin tinggi jumlah penambahan serbuk kayu mahoni, maka aktivitas selulase yang dihasilkan semakin tinggi. Kondisi operasi terbaik diperoleh pada waktu inkubasi selama 17 hari, dan  jumlah penambahan serbuk kayu mahoni 7% , diperoleh aktivitas crude selulase sebesar 39,034 U/ml.Mahogany waste can be categorized as lignocelluloses waste which can be used as raw material of  biofuel such as bioethanol. Cellulose in mahogany can also be utilized as crude cellulose raw material with the help of Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Crude selulase produced has high economic value and can be utilized in many sectors. This research is aim to determine the effect of fermentation time and the addition of mahogany concentration on crude cellulase activity, and to determine the best operating conditions. Crude cellulase production from waste of mahogany through several steps, those are size reduction, rejuvenation and inoculum production of Phanerocheate chrysosporium, crude cellulase production and activity test with DNS method. The variable in this experiment was the precentage of mahogany powder added on crude cellulase production media which was 5%, 6% and 7%, and incubation time of crude cellulase production which were 9, 11, 13, 15 and 17 days. The experiment shows that the highest cellulase activity was at concentration of mahogany powder of 7% with incubation time of 17days as 39,034 U/ml.

Bagasse mengandung selulosa yang cukup tinggi sehingga berpotensi sebagai bahan baku produksi crude selulase menggunakan kapang Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Kapang ini memiliki kemampuan untuk memproduksi enzim selulase dari substrat yang mengandung selulosa dan juga menghasilkan enzim yang dapat memecah lignin sehingga tidak perlu dilakukan proses delignifikasi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memanfaatkan limbah ampas tebu sebagai bahan baku pembuatan crude selulase menggunakan kapang Phanerochaete chrysosporium dan mengetahui pengaruh penambahan konsentrasi substrat dan waktu fermentasi terhadap aktivitas crude selulase yang dihasilkan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan cara mengeringkan dan memperkecil ukuran ampas tebu, meremajakan kapang Phanerocheate chrysoporium, membuat inokulum dalam media cair, memfermentasi ampas tebu sesuai dengan variabel, dengan media Nitrogen Limited Media (NLM) menggunakan kapang Phanerocheate chrysoporium. Hasil fermentasi disaring, dan filtratnya dianalisa aktivitasnya sebagai crude selulase. Variabel dalam penelitian ini adalah waktu fermentasi 9, 11, 13, 15 dan 17 hari dan konsentrasi ampas tebu sebagai media: 5, 6, dan 7 % b/v. Ekstrak kasar selulase (crude) yang dihasilkan disaring menggunakan filter vakum, dan aktivitas filtrat (crude cellulase) diuji dengan pereaksi DNS (dinitro salicylic acid) dengan menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas selulase tertinggi diperoleh pada variabel konsentrasi ampas tebu sebesar 7% b/v dan waktu inkubasi selama 17 hari yaitu sebesar 91.304 U/mL.Bagasse contain high cellulose which potentially to be used to raw material for producing cellulase enzyme using fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium. This fungus has ability to produce cellulase enzymes from substrates which contain cellulose and also produce enzymes that can degrade lignin content so it didn’t need the delignification process. The objective of this study was to convert cellulose in bagasse to be crude cellulase enzymes by using Phanerochaete chrysosporium and determine the effect of substrate concentration and fermentation time to the enzyme activity. This research was conducted by drying and reducing the bagasse particle size, rejuvenating mold Phanerocheate chrysoporium, making inoculum in liquid medium, fermenting bagasse in accordance with the variable, with media NLM (nitrogen limited media) using Phanerocheate chrysoporium. Fermentation results were filtered, and it was analyzed the activity of crude cellulase. The variable in this study was the time of fermentation 9, 11, 13, 15, and 17 days and substrate concentration: 5, 6, and 7 % b/v. Crude cellulose was filtered and was analyzed the enzyme activity by DNS (dinitro salicylic acid) reagent, using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The best result of this study was the crude cellulase with highest activity 91,304 U/mL for 7 % substrate concentration with fermentation time 17 days.

This study aimed to create nano vegetable tanning materials of acacia bark extract. The process started with size reduction of acacia bark (16.7 mm x 4.9 mm x 1.8 mm), followed by counter current extraction of acacia bark with water at 80ºC with 1:3 bark to water ratio in order to obtain extracts with density of 9-10ºBe. Drying was done with a spray dryer. Particle size of the resulting powders was measured with particle size analyzer. Planetary ball mill was used for 6 hours to obtain average particle size of 72.9 nm. A variety of vegetable tanning materials were applied in the vegetable tanning process with varied concentrations of 15, 20, and 25%. The use of 25% nano vegetable tanning material of acacia bark extract gave the best results compared to liquid extract of acacia bark and mimosa. The properties of the leather obtained were tensile strength of 27.04 kg/cm 2 , elongation at break of 50%, shrinkage temperature of 84 o C, and degree of tannage of 79.65%.