NOP receptor activation inhibits the acute antidepressant effects of nortriptyline and fluoxetine, but not R-ketamine. The present findings contribute to further understand the role played by the N/OFQ-NOP receptor system in regulating mood states.
Manic bipolar is diagnosed by psychomotor agitation, increased goal-directed activity, insomnia, grandiosity, excessive speech, and risky behavior. Animal studies aimed to modeling mania are commonly based in psychostimulants-induced hyperlocomotion. The exploration of other behaviors related with mania is mandatory to investigate this phase of bipolar disorder in animals. In this study, the hole board apparatus was suggested for evaluating mania-like behaviors induced by the psychostimulant methylphenidate. The treatment with methylphenidate (10mg/kg, ip) increased locomotion in the open field test. The pretreatment with lithium (50mg/kg, ip) and valproate (400mg/kg, ip) significantly prevented the hyperlocomotion. In the hole-board test, methylphenidate increased interactions with the central and peripheral holes and the exploration of central areas. Lithium was more effective than valproate in preventing all the behavioral manifestations induced by the psychostimulant. These findings were discussed based on the ability of methylphenidate-treated mice mimicking two symptoms of mania in the hole board test: goal-directed action and risk-taking behavior. In conclusion, the results point to a new approach to study mania through the hole board apparatus. The hole board test appears to be a sensitive assay to detect the efficacy of antimanic drugs.
Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the most widely used vascular access by patients undergoing hemodialysis, however, even though the most widely used access to AVF has a high failure rate, and can be affected by problems during its use, among the most common highlights intimal hyperplasia, thrombosis and stenosis. Studies suggest that recurrent problems in this type of access are directly linked to geometry, flow conditions and stiffness of the vascular wall by the vessels that compose it. The present work seeks to analyze the variation of pressure and flow in rigid and flexible AVF models manufactured from data from an actual patient undergoing treatment. The study was carried out from the acquisition and processing of the patient's medical examinations (computed tomography), the creation of the geometry, treatment and modeling of said patient, the manufacturing of the AVF models by 3D printing and injection in mold, experimental analysis with pulsatile flow conditions, close to the real physiological conditions, and data analysis. The results obtained show the influence of vascular wall stiffness on flow conditions. In the rigid and flexible model, pressure peaks ranged from 170.98 mmHg to 172.44 mmHg (± 0.02) and 69.83 mmHg to 116.63 mmHg (± 0.03), respectively. The pressure drop between entry and exit in the AVF was also analyzed, presenting a greater value in the flexible model, being approximately three times that of the rigid model. The observed results show the direct relation of the deformation in the flow conditions in the system, and consequently, its direct influence on the pathologies of the vascular system, especially the AVF.
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