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Some recent research on fluvial processes suggests the idea that some hydrological variables, such as flood flows, are upper-bounded. However, most probability distributions that are currently employed in flood frequency analysis are unbounded to the right. This paper describes an exploratory study on the joint use of an upper-bounded probability distribution and non-systematic flood information, within a Bayesian framework. Accordingly, the current PMF maximum discharge appears as a reference value and a reasonable estimate of the upper-bound for maximum flows, despite the fact that PMF determination is not unequivocal and depends strongly on the available data. In the Bayesian context, the uncertainty on the PMF can be included into the analysis by considering an appropriate prior distribution for the maximum flows. In the sequence, systematic flood records, historical floods, and paleofloods can be included into a compound likelihood function which is then used to update the prior information on the upper-bound. By combining a prior distribution describing the uncertainties of PMF estimates along with various sources of flood data into a unified Bayesian approach, the expectation is to obtain improved estimates of the upper-bound. The application example was conducted with flood data from the American river basin, near the Folsom reservoir, in California, USA. The results show that it is possible to put together concepts that appear to be incompatible: the deterministic estimate of PMF, taken as a theoretical limit for floods, and the frequency analysis of maximum flows, with the inclusion of non-systematic data. As compared to conventional analysis, the combination of these two concepts within the logical context of Bayesian theory, contributes an advance towards more reliable estimates of extreme floods.Keywords Probable maximum flood Á Hydrologic extreme events Á Flood frequency Á Bayesian analysis List of symbols LB Lower-bounded floods as referring to the floods that are larger than a given low threshold LB UB Upper-bounded floods as referring to the floods that are smaller than a given high threshold UB DB Double-bounded floods as referring to the floods that are comprised within the discharge interval (LR, UR) EX Annual flood-peaks with exact values a Upper bound of the LN4 distribution eLower bound of the LN4 distribution r Y

The design process of urban stormwater systems incorporating BMPs involves more complexity unlike the design of classic drainage systems for which just the technique of pipes is likely to be used. This paper presents a simple decision aid methodology and an associated software (AvDren) concerning urban stormwater systems, devoted to the evaluation and the comparison of drainage scenarios using BMPs according to different technical, sanitary, social environmental and economical aspects. This kind of tool is particularly interesting so as to help the decision makers to select the appropriate alternative and to plan the investments especially for developing countries, with important sanitary problems and severe budget restrictions.

Microbiomes have highly important roles for ecosystem functioning and carry out key functions that support planetary health, including nutrient cycling, climate regulation, and water filtration. Microbiomes are also intimately associated with complex multicellular organisms such as humans, other animals, plants, and insects and perform crucial roles for the health of their hosts.

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This paper focuses on time-space characterization of drought conditions in the São Francisco River catchment, on the basis of wavelet analysis of Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) time series. In order to improve SPI estimation, the procedures for regional analysis with L-moments were employed for defining statistically homogeneous regions. The continuous wavelet transform was then utilized for extracting time-frequency information from the resulting SPI time series in a multiresolution framework and for investigating possible teleconnections of these signals with those obtained from samples of the large-scale climate indexes ENSO and PDO. The use of regional frequency analysis with L-moments resulted in improvements in the estimation of SPI time series. It was observed that by aggregating regional information more reliable estimates of low frequency rainfall amounts were obtained. The wavelet analysis of climate indexes suggests that the more extreme dry periods in the study area are observed when the cold phase of both ENSO and the PDO coincides. While not constituting a strict cause effect relationship, it was clear that the more extreme droughts are consistently observed in this situation. However, further investigation is necessary for identifying particularities in rainfall patterns that are not associated to large-scale climate anomalies.

Because it is assumed that the impacts in the natural streamflow regime promoted by Small Hydropower Plants (SHP) are negligible, environmental licensing for such facilities is usually easier. Nonetheless, recent studies have shown that the operation of SHPs may disturb the natural flow conditions, mainly when the plants are placed in a cascade arrangement. In this context, the main objective of this study is investigating the alterations in flows periodic behavior in a system of six hydropower plants, being five of them SHPs. Daily discharge time series were extracted from eight streamflow gauging stations located in the Jauru River catchment, Brazil, whose period-of-record spans from May/2016 to Aug/2017. By using the wavelet transform, dominant cycles along the time series were identified and their coherence in nearby stations was compared. Among the results, one may observe that, from upstream to downstream, the high frequency cycles became more important whereas the low frequency ones have weakened. Additional analyses indicate that such alterations are not directly related to meteorological factors or to the gradual increasing in the catchment's drainage area in the downstream direction, which suggests that the operation of SHPs may affect the streamflow natural cycles. RESUMOPor assumir que os impactos nos regimes naturais de vazão de Pequenas Centrais Hidrelétricas (PCHs) são desprezíveis, os licenciamentos ambientais para esses empreendimentos são relativamente fáceis de serem obtidos. Contudo, estudos recentes têm mostrado que a operação de PCHs pode afetar as condições naturais de escoamento especialmente quando os aproveitamentos hidrelétricos são alocados em cascata. Nesse contexto, o principal objetivo deste trabalho é investigar a alteração do comportamento das periodicidades de vazões em um sistema com seis aproveitamentos hidrelétricos, sendo cinco PCHs. Foram utilizadas séries de vazões diárias extraídas de estações localizadas na bacia do rio Jauru, na região hidrográfica do Alto Paraguai, Brasil, entre maio de 2016 e agosto de 2017. Por meio da transformada wavelet, foi possível identificar ciclos dominantes ao longo do tempo e comparar a coerência de séries de vazões entre estações adjacentes. Entre os resultados, observou-se que, no sentido de montante para jusante, os ciclos de alta frequência se tornam mais evidentes enquanto aqueles de baixa frequência ficam enfraquecidos. Análises adicionais indicaram que tais alterações não estão diretamente relacionadas a fatores meteorológicos ou ao aumento gradual da área de drenagem da bacia na direção a jusante, o que sugere que a operação das PCHs pode afetar o ciclo natural de vazões.Palavras-chave: Periodicidade de vazão; Transformada wavelet; Impacto de pequenas barragens; Usina a fio d'água; Análise de séries temporais.RBRH, Porto Alegre, v. 24, e33, 2019Effects of small hydropower plants in cascade arrangement on the discharge cyclic patterns 2/15

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