The knowledge of nutritional requirements in ornamental fish species is essential to improve the productive development; however, the nutritional information of these species is scarce and sometimes this information is extrapolated from results obtained from nonornamental fish species. In ornamental fish, a correct formulation of the diet improve the nutrient digestibility and supply the metabolic needs, reducing the maintenance cost and at the same time the water pollution. Inert food such as meal powder, flakes, milk powder, bovine heart and liver, tubifex worms, as well as live food including Artemia sp., rotifers and Moina have been used extensively in ornamental fish feeding with a diverse range of nutritional values and productive properties. In contrast with farmed fish, skin pigmentation is a mandatory characteristic in ornamental fish and the use of dietary supplements with carotenoids is recommended. The aim of this document is to review the specific nutritional requirements which are indispensable to improve economical and productive potential of freshwater ornamental fish. 2458 REVISIÓN DE LITERATURA 2459 RESUMENEl conocimiento de los requerimientos nutricionales en peces ornamentales es esencial para su desarrollo productivo; sin embargo, la información nutricional en estas especias es limitada y algunas veces es extrapolada de resultados obtenidos de otras especies de peces no ornamentales. En peces ornamentales, una correcta formulación en la dieta mejora la digestibilidad nutricional y suple las necesidades metabólicas, reduciendo por tanto los costos de mantenimiento y la contaminación del agua. Alimentos inertes como comida en polvo, hojuelas, leche en polvo, corazón e hígado de bovino, gusanos tubifex así como alimento vivo tales como Artemia sp., rotíferos y Moina han sido usados extensivamente en la alimentación de peces ornamentales, con un amplio rango de valores nutricionales y propiedades productivas. A diferencia de las especies de cultivo, la pigmentación de la piel es una característica imprescindible en peces ornamentales y por tanto el uso de suplementos con carotenoides es recomendado. En conclusión, conocer los requerimientos nutricionales específicos para cada especie de peces ornamentales es indispensable para optimizar su potencial económico y productivo en la acuicultura.

The studies evaluating the impact of environmental pollution on aquatic organisms have had a growing concern in recent decades. The Ocoa River runs through Villavicencio city, receiving the wastewater produced in the city. To date studies reporting the effect and the consequences of Ocoa River pollution on aquatic organisms inhabiting this water body are unknown. Haematological and genotoxicity biomarkers were evaluated in peripheral blood of two native fish species Astyanax gr. bimaculatus and Aequidens metae during rainy and dry season at three different sites of Ocoa River called Nacimiento (site 1, before entering the city), Centauros (site 2, inside the city), Caño Seco (site 3, after the city). Also, fish from a reference site with little likelihood of contamination were sampled. Alterations such as decrease in erythrocyte count, lymphocytes, haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit percentage, and increased thrombocytes and neutrophils counts, together with nuclear abnormalities in erythrocytes such as increased frequency of micronuclei, lobed, blebbed and notched nuclei and binucleate cells were observed in fish from the site 3, followed by the site 2 in rainy season. These results shown that during rainy season, sites 2 and 3 receive domestic and industrial wastewater leading to genotoxic and haematological changes in the monitored organisms.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40064-016-1753-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Inducción de micronúcleos y otras anormalidades nucleares en Astyanax gr. bimaculatus (Pisces: Characidae)... 237 ARTÍCULO ORIGINAL/ORIGINAL ARTICLE ResumenEl fenantreno es un hidrocarburo policíclico aromático (HPA) asociado a la actividad petrolera, altamente lipofílico, con amplia distribución y con la propiedad de persistir en el ambiente por tiempos prolongados. A pesar de su impacto, el efecto de los HPA ha sido poco estudiado en peces tropicales; por tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la presencia de micronúcleos y otras anormalidades nucleares en eritrocitos de sangre periférica de Astyanax gr. bimaculatus expuestas a fenantreno. Los peces (n=9) fueron inyectados intraperitonealmente con 0.1, 1 y 10 µg/g de PV de fenantreno (PHE, Sigma Aldrich, pureza 98%) disuelto en aceite vegetal, un control positivo inyectados con ciclofosfamida y un control negativo con aceite vegetal. Se colectaron muestras de sangre periférica a las 0 y 96 horas de la inyección. A las 96 horas, las dosis más altas de fenantreno mostraron efectos genotóxicos sobre los eritrocitos de Astyanax gr. bimaculatus, evidenciados por la formación de micronúcleos y alteraciones morfológicas nucleares. Estos resultados sugieren que Astyanax gr. bimaculatus, especie íctica dulceacuícola nativa, tiene gran potencial para ser utilizada como bioindicador de genotoxicidad causada por hidrocarburos policíclicos aromáticos.

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The Acacias River in Colombia receives large volumes of industrial effluents mostly derived from the oil industry.To contribute to the study of the possible effects of industrial wastewaters on the aquatic environment and particularly on fish populations, a native neotropical fish, Aequidens metae was used as a sentinel species. Wild specimens of A. metae were caught at three different places of the Acacias River taking as reference the point of discharge of an oil industry effluent; upstream, downstream, and at the vicinity of the discharge pipe. A fourth sampling site was chosen as a reference site away from urban settlements. Samplings were performed twice, during the rainy and dry seasons. After anesthesia animals were weighted and measured, and humanely sacrificed. Livers were extracted, frozen on site and transported to the laboratory. Condition indices were calculated. Total protein content and the detoxification 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) enzyme activity were estimated. Histopathological alterations were also evaluated. Water quality was estimated through the measurement of several variables. Results obtained evidenced that the highest induction in EROD activity and the strongest histological alterations in liver of the monitored fish appeared during the dry seasons at the discharge site and downstream to this point.

Titulo en ingles:  Utilization of living organisms as a first feeding of yaque (Leiarius marmoratus) larvae under laboratory conditionsRESUMEN:  Con el fin de evaluar la utilización de organismos vivos como primera alimentación de larvas de yaque (Leiarius marmoratus), inicialmente se realizó una evaluación del desarrollo morfológico de las larvas, a través del seguimiento de la reabsorción del saco vitelino y la abertura bucal. Para evaluar los efectos del suministro de diferentes organismos vivos sobre algunas variables productivas durante un periodo de larvicultura de 12 días, larvas de la especie fueron sometidas a condiciones de laboratorio, alojándolas a una densidad de 10 larvas/L y suministrándoles 4 raciones diarias de diferentes tipos de alimento vivo, así: nauplios de artemia salina recién eclosionados (T1), cladóceros del genero Diaphanosoma (T2), copépodos del genero Diaptomus (T3), cladóceros + copépodos (T4) y larvas recién eclosionadas de cachama blanca (Piaractus brachypomus) (T5). En total se utilizaron 3000 larvas de 50 horas post- eclosión (HPE), con un peso inicial de 0.81±0.02 mg y 3.68±0.04 mm de longitud total. El inicio de la abertura bucal fue observado a las 10 HPE, registrándose en este momento un tamaño de abertura bucal de 72.6±5.7 µm. Al final del periodo de seguimiento (50 HPE) las larvas alcanzaron una abertura máxima bucal de 532.6±7.8 µm y reabsorción del saco vitelino del 95 %. Los mejores desempeños en términos de ganancia de peso y de longitud se observaron en el T5, con un valor de 17.4±0.5 mm y 116.1±3.7 mg, respectivamente, pero con una sobrevivencia inferior a los demás tratamientos evaluados. El mayor porcentaje de sobrevivencia se observó en el T1 (55.3± 6.5 %), seguido del T2 (18.6±3.8 %). Bajo estas condiciones, se puede concluir que los mejores resultados fueron obtenidos con larvas alimentadas con nauplios de artemia salina o con cladóceros, constituyéndose éstos últimos en una importante alternativa como fuente de alimento durante la larvicultura de esta especie.Palabras clave: Larva, Leiarius marmoratus, primera alimentación, yaqueABSTRACT:  To evaluate the effect of living organisms as a first feeding of yaque (Leiarius marmoratus) larvae, an evaluation of the morphological development of larval was done based on the absorption of the yolk sac and the mouth opening. To evaluate the effects of different living organisms in the diet on some productive variables, larvae were subjected to laboratory conditions at a density of 10 larvae/L for 12 days of rearing, providing them four different daily rations of live food as follows: newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (T1), cladocerans of the genus Diaphanosome (T2), copepods of the genus Diaptomus (T3), cladocerans + copepods (T4) and newly hatched larvae cachama blanca (Piaractus brachypomus) (T5). A total of 3000 larvae of 50 hours post-hatching (HPH) with an initial weight of 0.81 ± 0.02 mg and 3.68 ± 0.04 mm total length were used. The time of mouth opening was observed at 10 HPH with a mouth opening size of 72.6 ± 5.7 µm. At the end of observation period (50 HPH), the larvae reached a maximum opening of the mouth of 532.6 ± 7.8 µm with a 95 % yolk sac resorption. The best performance were observed in T5 in terms of weight and length gain with a value of 17.4 ± 0.5 mm and 116.1 ± 3.7 mg, respectively; however, a lower survival than the other treatments was observed. The highest survival percentage was observed in T1 (55.3 ± 6.5 %) followed by T2 (18.6 ± 3.8 %). Under the conditions of the present study it is possible to conclude that larvae fed with brine shrimp nauplii or cladocerans showed the best results, the cladocerans becom- ing an important alternative source of food during the larviculture of this species.Key words: First feeding, larvae, Leiarius marmoratus, yaque.

The original version of the book was inadvertently published without updating the following corrections. These are corrected now.On p. 230 2 nd line "HAPs" has been changed to "PAHs" 4 th line "Petrogenics" has been changed to "of these PAHs" 8 th line "HAPs that originate" has been changed to "PAHs are originated" C2