Indirect, non-destructive methods for estimating herbage mass on pasture may help growers to better estimate herbage mass and manage the grazing process. The objective of this study was to evaluate two methods for estimating herbage mass on Marandu palisadegrass [Brachiaria brizantha (A. Rich.) Stapf] pastures, over two grazing seasons. The relationships between herbage mass and two indirect, non-destructive measurements (sward surface height -SSH and rising plate meter -RP) were analyzed via regression analysis. Mean determination coefficients (r 2 ) for the regression models were 0.82 and 0.91 for RP and SSH, respectively. Time within season influenced both slope (b) and intercept (a) of the regression models in both methods. The change in model parameters over the course of the seasons suggests the need for frequent model revision and revalidation. Key words: Brachiaria brizantha, sward surface height, herbage allowance, rising plate meter, linear regression QUANTIFICAÇÃO DA MASSA DE FORRAGEM EM PASTOS DE CAPIM MARANDU SOB LOTAÇÃO ROTATIVACOM O USO DE MÉTODOS INDIRETOSRESUMO: Métodos indiretos e não-destrutivos para a estimativa da massa de forragem no pasto podem auxiliar o manejador no estabelecimento de estratégias ótimas de pastejo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar métodos indiretos de estimativa de massa de forragem em pastos de capim Marandu [Brachiaria brizantha (A. Rich.) Stapf] sob lotação rotativa durante dois anos. Para descrever as relações entre massa de forragem e dois métodos testados (altura do dossel e disco ascendente) foram empregadas regressões lineares. As equações geradas apresentaram coeficiente de determinação médio (r 2 ) de 0,82 e 0,91 para o disco e altura, respectivamente. A época do ano exerceu influência sobre o coeficiente angular (b) e o intercepto (a) das regressões de ambos os métodos. Essa alteração dos componentes das curvas ao longo do tempo indica a necessidade de freqüente revalidação dos modelos. Palavras-chave: Brachiaria brizantha, altura de dossel, oferta de forragem, disco ascendente, regressão linear
It was evaluated the effects of bee pollen (BP) on the doe and kits productivity and on the carcass and organs of the rabbits. Twenty White New Zealand does and their kits were used in a randomized block design, with four treatments and five blocks, in a factorial arrangement 2 x 2 with two supplementation levels for the doe and for the kits after the weaning. BP supplementation for the does did not influence (p > 0.05) the doe and kit productivity during the lactation, except by the kits survival rate (p < 0.003), the total (p < 0.002) and daily (p < 0.001) milk production that increased in supplemented doe. BP supplementation for the doe and/or kits did not affect (p > 0.05) the rabbit performance from the weaning until the slaughter age, the slaughter weight, carcass characteristics, except by the spleen and small intestine weights, higher in supplemented rabbits. It was not recommended that BP supplementation for does and/or rabbits for not improving the rabbit productive performance.
SUM M ARYHerbage allowance (HA) impacts performance of grazing cattle as well as sward structure and herbage yield. The objective of the current study was to compare average daily gain (ADG) of Nellore steers on Marandu palisadegrass (Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst ex A. Rich.) Stapf. cv. Marandu) pastures in response to HA. Treatments were applied as 5, 10, 15 and 20 kg dry matter (DM) per 100 kg live weight (LW) per day HA 5 , HA 10 , HA 15 and HA 20 ), in rotationally stocked pastures under a 35-day grazing cycle (28 days of rest and 7 days of grazing). The trial was carried out in Pirassununga, Brazil, during two summer seasons in 2003 and 2004, each divided into four grazing cycles. Individual animal (250 kg yearling steers) gain increased with HA up to HA 15 (mean = 0·69 kg/head per day) during each of four grazing cycles per year. The 2-year gain per area was greater for HA 5 and HA 10 than for HA 15 and HA 20 and average stocking rate was 9·6, 6·7, 5·4 and 4·6 head/ha for HA 5 to HA 20 , respectively. In addition to the effects of HA on ADG, changes in sward structure, especially sward height, help to explain variation in daily gain in both years. The HA 10 treatment provides higher gain per area without excessively reducing individual animal performance, and thus may be the level of choice for optimizing animal output in pasture-only systems.
ABSTRACT. The experiment was carried out at the Comigo Technology Center, in Rio Verde, State of Goiás, Brazil, with the objective of evaluating the effects of supplementation with calcium butyrate, as a growth promoting agent for the duodenal mucosa and Bacillus subtilis as a probiotic performance enhancer in feedlot cattle. Calcium butyrate (5 and 10 g per animal per day) and Bacillus (10 g per animal per day) were added to a basal diet. There were used 85 Nelore bulls, with average weight of 315 ± 7 kg. The experiment lasted 118 days, including the adaptation period, until slaughter at 30 months of age. Diets were distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments, where: T1 = control (basal diet); T2 = basal diet + 5 g calcium butyrate; T3 = basal diet + 10 g calcium butyrate and T4 = basal diet + 10 g calcium butyrate + 10 g probiotic with four replications and five to six animals per replication. It was used a forage: concentrate ratio of 30:70, the roughage used was the corn silage. Height and width measurements of intestinal villi were taken, and carcass and meat quality were evaluated. The supplementation of calcium butyrate and Bacillus subtilis positively influenced (p < 0.05) the carcass marbling level and calcium butyrate increased the villus height in the small intestine.Keywords: duodenum, probiotic, ruminants.Histologia duodenal e características de carcaça de bovinos de corte suplementados com butirato de cálcio e Bacillus subtilis RESUMO. Conduziu-se o experimento no Centro Tecnológico Comigo, localizado no município de Rio Verde, Estado de Goiás, Brasil, com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da suplementação com butirato de cálcio, como agente promotor de crescimento da mucosa duodenal e com Bacillus subtilis como probiótico melhorador de desempenho em bovinos confinados. Adicionou-se butirato de cálcio (5 e 10 g animal ) em uma ração base. Utilizaram-se 85 bovinos machos inteiros, da raça Nelore, com peso vivo médio inicial de 315 ± 7 kg. O experimento transcorreu num período de 118 dias, incluindo o período de adaptação, até o abate aos 30 meses de idade. As dietas foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado sendo quatro tratamentos: T1 = Controle (ração basal); T2 = ração basal + 5 g de butirato de cálcio; T3 = ração basal + 10 g de butirato de cálcio e T4 = ração basal + 10 g de butirato de cálcio + 10 g de bacillus. Utilizou-se uma relação volumoso: concentrado de 30:70, o volumoso utilizado foi silagem de milho. Foram realizadas mensurações de altura e largura de vilosidade intestinal, avaliação de carcaça e qualidade de carne. A suplementação de butirato de cálcio e bacillus subtilis influenciou positivamente (p < 0,05) o grau marmoreio da carcaça e o butirato de cálcio aumentou a altura de vilosidade do intestino delgado.Palavras-chave: duodeno, probiótico, ruminantes.
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