TWELVE FIGCRESThis paper deals with an experimental analysis of terminal phases of the development of the color patterns in the fins of two fresh-water tropical fish. One of these fish is Brachydanio rerio, Hamilton and Buchanan, native of Ceylon and well knowii t o fish fanciers as the "zebra fish" and the other Phallichthys amates, Miller, found in Honduras and popularly known as the "merry widow." I n both cases the evidence has led to the hypothesis that tissue or cellular antagonisms play a part in the delineation of the patterns.

Leukocytes were collected from donors with chronic myelocytic leukemia by plasmapheresis and transfused into severely leukopenic recipients. The median transfusion of 7 x 1010 granulocytes (range .15 to 35 x 1010) resulted in a median increase in circulating granulocytes of 1,000 per cu. nun.(range 0 to 19,OOO), one hour after injection. The posttransfusion increment was directly related to the number of cells injected. Only 4.8 per cent of the injected cells were recovered in the circulating blood volume at one hour (range 0-37 per cent). The per cent recovery was directly related to the pretransfusion granulocyte count of the recipient; the more severe the recipient's leukopenia, the lower w-as the per cent recovery of transfused cells. The transfused granulocytes disappeared from the recipients' circulation with a half time of 24 hours.A number of other factors were found to influence the results of transfusion, such as: the antileukemic drugs given, the presence of fever, the transfusion vehicle (k, saline concentrates or whole plasma), the ABO red cell compatibility of donor and recipient, and the sequence of transfusion.Clinical responses as measured by disappearance of fever were seen in 54 per cent of the recipients. The fraction of febrile patients responding increased as the dose of leukocytes transfused increased. Severe reactions, manifested by dyspnea, cyanosis, and lung infiltrates were seen in a small percentage, but febrile reactions occurred in 67 per cent of afebrile patients.

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The widespread use of hematinics has increased the hazard of iron poisoning of infants and children. The symptoms are similar in humans and in some animal species, thus making it possible to duplicate the events of accidental poisoning in the laboratory and to evaluate antidotal procedures. Materials and MethodsTwelve mongrel dogs in good health were used.The animals were maintained on a standard diet but were fasted for 24 hours before experimentation. To avoid vomiting and to simulate the delay in treatment that might be expected in poisoned children, solutions of ferrous sulfate were introduced directly into the jejunum of the dogs by syringe and needle after a midline exposure of the abdominal cavity. In this way the dose of iron was known with certainty.The experiments were performed under light pentobarbital anesthesia (30 mg/kg. intravenously). In some instances small supplementary doses were necessary. In each dog an endotracheal tube was inserted to prevent aspiration of saliva and gastric contents, though this was not uniformly successful.To determine the most effective mode of treat¬ ment with the antidotes selected, a variety of schedules were used. Two doses of ferrous sulfate in 25% solution were administered, giving 200 and 300 mg. per kilogram of elemental iron. Both of these doses were considered to be lethal and certainly would have represented extreme danger to an infant ingesting such amounts. By administering large quantities of iron that would be over¬ whelmingly toxic, there could be little question of individual resistance.The antidotes used were as follows : 1. NaaHPO, · 2 H20 in 20% solution (disodium orthophosphate dihydrate) 2. Edathamil calcium-disodium in 2.0% solu¬ tion (calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate) 3. Dog plasma, freshly drawn 4. Dextrans of molecular weight about 38,000 and about 8,000 Serum iron concentrations were determined by the method of Burch, Lowry, and Bessey,1 and the latent iron-binding capacity of the sera by the method of Rath and Finch.2 Microhematocrit values were obtained serially with the use of an International Hematocrit centrifuge. Blood pH de¬ terminations were made with a Beckman pH meter.Dogs that died were examined shortly after death for gross pathological changes. Microscopic studies were made on selected tissues using hematoxylin-eosin and Gomori iron stains.Samples of venous blood were removed for laboratory study before administration of the ferrous sulfate and at 30-, 60-, or 120-minute in¬ tervals thereafter during the treatment of the animals.The serum iron concentrations recorded for each dog are illustrated in the Figure. ResultsControls.-Three dogs served as control subjects. The dosage schedule and labora¬ tory results are listed in Table 1. Dog 1-a was given a dose of ferrous sul¬ fate equal to 200 mg/kg. of elemental iron. Dog 1-b and Dog 1-c received an equivalent of 300 mg/kg. of elemental iron. Death in shock was rapid. The packed-cell volumes increased within 30-60 minutes as did the concentrations of serum iron. The very ...

A simple method for the preservation of red blood cells in liquid nitrogen suitable for routine laboratory use is described. With this method, erythrocyte antigens retain their integrity for at least six months and, after thawing, remain active for at least two weeks in Alsever’s Solution. A panel of cells preserved in liquid nitrogen is as satisfactory as fresh cells in defining irregular antibodies encountered in patient sera. The advantages of this technic over other methods of red blood cell preservation is discussed.

The technic of plasmapheresis has been employed repeatedly to obtain large numbers of granulocytes from patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia. Up to 20 liters of blood from a single donor could be processed by centrifugation in one week without changes in the patient's clinical condition or his blood proteins as long as the plasma and red cells were both returned. The major limiting factor was the chronic removal of small amounts of red cells with each unit, resulting in decrease in hemoglobin level with intensive and prolonged periods of plasmapheresis. Removal of granulocytes at rates up to 3 × 1011 per day produced little consistent decrease in peripheral white count unless it was continued for a week or more. Plasmapheresis is a safe and relatively simple technic for the collection of large numbers of leukocytes from donors with chronic myelocytic leukemia.

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