Soy protein was shown to exhibit several beneficial effects on renal function in nondiabetic patients with nephropathy, and to improve serum lipids. This study examined the effects of isolated soy protein consumption on urinary albumin excretion, serum lipids, plasma amino acids, and isoflavones in diabetic patients with nephropathy. Male patients (n = 14) with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy were followed in a crossover design for 7 mo. The study comprised two 8-wk intervention periods, placed between a 4-wk lead-in and two 4-wk washout periods. In the 2 intervention periods, 0.5 g/(kg. d) of the dietary protein was provided as either isolated soy protein (ISP) or casein, in random order. Blood and urine samples were collected at the beginning and end of each period. Data were analyzed by multiple linear regression for a repeated-measure design. ISP consumption led to changes of -9.5% in urinary albumin excretion (P < 0.0001), -0.45 in the total-to-HDL-cholesterol ratio (P < 0.05), -0.20 in the LDL-to-HDL cholesterol ratio (P < 0.05), and +4.3% in HDL cholesterol (P = 0.0040). Plasma arginine concentrations, the arginine-to-lysine ratio, and plasma isoflavone concentrations were higher after ISP consumption (P < 0.05). Urinary albumin excretion was negatively correlated with plasma total isoflavones (rho = -0.441), daidzein (rho = -0.326), and O-desmethylangolesin (rho = -0.389) (P < 0.05). The findings indicate that isolated soy protein consumption improves several markers that may be beneficial for type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy.
A number of unidentified absorptions, which appeared to be due to specific color-imparting pigments, were observed in infrared spectra of some U.S. automobile original topcoats (1974–1989) from the Reference Collection of Automotive Paints. In previous work of this study, several inorganic pigments were identified which were responsible for some of these. Unlike the inorganic pigment absorptions, which were usually broad and few in number, the remaining unidentified absorptions were sharp and numerous, indicative of organic compounds. Because these peaks are narrower than most binder absorptions, spectral subtraction can be a useful means to help delineate pigment peaks obscured by binder features. Using this technique, several organic pigments have been identified. In cases in which the pigment peaks are prominent, the specific pigment responsible can usually be identified based on the peaks observed between binder absorptions or superimposed upon them, without having to use spectral subtraction. This is possible even when absorptions of two or more pigments are present. This paper discusses the analysis of benzimidazolone pigments, which were identified in some yellow, orange, red, and brown nonmetallic single layer Reference Collection topcoats, and a few brown metallic ones. Absorptions of these particular pigments were not observed in spectra of any Reference Collection topcoats produced before 1977. Use of the benzimidazolones—especially Benzimidazolone Orange—increased in the 1980s because they were common replacements for lead chromate pigments, which were phased out of use in U.S. automobile original finishes during this period.
The research revealed a statistically significant difference in mortality among the 3 groups at 3 and 5 years. No statistically significant difference in mortality in patients with good glycemic control and patients with bad glycemic control was found. At 3 years, a statistically significant difference in mortality existed between patients who had an amputation within 2 years of ulcer formation and those who had an amputation after 2 years. At 5 years, no statistically significant difference existed between these 2 groups.
A previous study in this series demonstrated the feasibility of identifying organic pigments in situ based on their absorptions in infrared spectra of automobile topcoats. To isolate pigment peaks, spectra of closely matched topcoats lacking pigment features are subtracted from spectra of topcoats containing the pigment of interest. Once identified by this means, these pigments can often be determined based on the more limited number of pigment peaks observed between the broader binder absorptions, or superimposed on them. Spectra of closely related pigments are used to provide some indications of how distinct a particular set of pigment absorptions is. Using these techniques, several different quinacridone pigments have been identified in single-layer U.S. automobile original topcoats (1974–1989) from the Reference Collection of Automotive Paints. Two of these pigments, Quinacridone Red Y and Quinacridone Violet, were found to be common in red nonmetallic topcoats. Quinacridones were also identified in brown nonmetallic and red and brown metallic finishes. A number of different pigment combinations of quinacridones with both inorganic and organic pigments have been identified, and examples of these are presented. As a prerequisite to the analysis of pigments using this in situ method, analysts should be very familiar with the absorptions of automotive topcoat binders.
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