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The processes and mechanisms involved in the rotation and alignment of interstellar dust grains have been of great interest in astrophysics ever since the surprising discovery of the polarization of starlight more than half a century ago. Numerous theories, detailed mathematical models, and numerical studies of grain rotation and alignment with respect to the Galactic magnetic field have been presented in the literature. In particular, the subject of grain rotation and alignment by radiative torques has been shown to be of particular interest in recent years. However, despite many investigations, a satisfactory theoretical understanding of the processes involved in grain rotation and alignment has not been achieved. As there appear to be no experimental data available on this subject, we have carried out some unique experiments to illuminate the processes involved in the rotation of dust grains in the interstellar medium. In this paper we present the results of some preliminary laboratory experiments on the rotation of individual micron /submicron-sized, nonspherical dust grains levitated in an electrodynamic balance evacuated to pressures of $10 À3 to 10 À5 torr. The particles are illuminated by laser light at 5320 8, and the grain rotation rates are obtained by analyzing the low-frequency ($0-100 kHz) signal of the scattered light detected by a photodiode detector. The rotation rates are compared with simple theoretical models to retrieve some basic rotational parameters. The results are examined in light of the current theories of alignment.

[1] Measurements of electromagnetic radiation pressure have been made on individual silica (SiO 2 ) particles levitated in an electrodynamic balance. These measurements were made by inserting single charged particles of known diameter in the 0.2-to 6.82-mm range and irradiating them from above with laser radiation focused to beam widths of $175-400 mm at ambient pressures $10 À3 -10 À4 torr. The downward displacement of the particle due to the radiation force is balanced by the electrostatic force indicated by the compensating dc potential applied to the balance electrodes, providing a direct measure of the radiation force on the levitated particle. Theoretical calculations of the radiation pressure with a least-squares fit to the measured data yield the radiation pressure efficiencies of the particles, and comparisons with Mie scattering theory calculations provide the imaginary part of the refractive index of SiO 2 and the corresponding extinction and scattering efficiencies.

In January 1992 the Space Shuttle Discovery carried the first International Microgravity Laboratory into Earth orbit for eight days. One of the many experiments carried out during the orbit was a combined study of triglycine sulfate crystal growth from solution and fluid-particle-dynamics studies in microgravity. Optical diagnostics included holocameras to provide concentration measurements and three-dimensional particle tracking. More than 1000 holograms that were recorded in space have been analyzed since the flight, providing a wide range of interesting conclusions about microgravity, crystal growth, and particle dynamics. This paper focuses on the results of holographic particle-image velocimetry experiments and provides an excellent example, along with new techniques, for exploiting holography for particle and flow diagnostics.

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A phase-shifting algorithm is proposed and experimentally demonstrated for phase-difference analysis. The method involves only three steps, the original and two equal in amount but unknown phase steps for each stage. Only six frames of data are thus sufficient for the phase-difference analysis between two stages. Real-time holographic interferometry with a concentration change in a sugar-water solution in a test cell is presented for experimental verification.

Methods to calculate the refractive properties of solutions at different wavelengths are described by using experimental data at just two wavelengths. The properties are the refractive index and its gradients with temperature and concentration. Cauchy's equation is used to determine the refractive indices. The gradients versus temperature and concentration are then determined by using the Murphy-Alpert and the Lorentz-Lorenz equation, respectively. Finally, the particular case of a triglycine sulfate aqueous solution is considered as an example. The approach should provide the desired information for fringe analysis when dual-wavelength holographic or other interferometry is used for solving heat and mass transfer problems in fluids during crystal-growth experiments.

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