No abstract

Saruplase is a clinically safe and effective thrombolytic medication. This profile ranks saruplase favorably among the currently available thrombolytic agents.

No abstract

SUMMARY Previous studies have identified several N,N-dialkyl substituted analogs of dopamine that lower blood pressure and cause renal and femoral vasodilation by activation of noradrenergic neuronal dopaminergic receptors that inhibit further release of norepinephrine (presynaptic DA 2 ) or of vasodilatory dopaminergic receptors located in vascular beds (postsynaptic DA|). Unlike dopamine itself, these analogs demonstrate minimal /3,-adrenergic receptor activation and a!-vasoconstrictor effect. In the present study, we have compared the relative hemodynamic, renal and emetic properties of four of these dopamine analogs in anesthetized and/or conscious dogs. The purposes of the studies were: 1) determination of the relative contribution of central versus peripheral nervous system sites of action of these analogs to their effects on cardiovascular function; 2) assessment of the relative importance of activation of DA, versus DA 2 receptors for the observed hemodynamic effects; and 3) investigation of the relative efficacy of dopamine antagonists for DA 2 versus DA, receptors. The reduction in blood pressure, increase in renal blood flow, and decrease in renal vascular resistance produced by propylbutyl -(PBDA), ethylbutyl-(EBDA), or propylpentyl-(PPDA) dopamine was similar to that reported previously for dipropyldopamine (DPDA). All analogs except PPDA also lowered heart rate. Doses of either the peripheral dopamine receptor antagonist, domperidone, or the peripheral and central dopamine receptor antagonist, metoclopramide, which attenuated PBDA-induced reductions in mean arterial pressure and heart rate did not antagonize the increase in renal blood flow produced by this analog. Following electrical stimulation of the cardioaccelerator nerve, all four dopamine analogs reduced the heart rate of spinally transected, vagotomized, anesthetized dogs. In addition, ( -)-sulpiride but not phentolamine antagonized the reduction in both heart rate and coronary sinus norepinephrine secretion produced by PBDA during cardioaccelerator nerve stimulation. In conscious dogs, the emetic potency was: DPDA > PPDA = PBDA > EBDA. The dopamine receptor antagonist, (-)-sulpiride, completely abolished the emesis induced by PBDA administration. These results indicate that PBDA and other N,N-dialkyl substituted dopamine derivatives can alter cardiovascular hemodynamics primarily by agonism of peripheral dopamine receptors. Furthermore, PBDA appears to lower blood pressure primarily through agonism of presynaptic DA 2 receptors rather than postsynaptic DA, vascular receptors. (Hypertension 5: 226-234, 1983) KEY WORDS • propylbutyldopamine * dopamine analogs • sulpiride • domperidone dopamine antagonists • postsynaptic dopamine receptors • renal blood flow D pPAMINERGIC agonists that decrease sympathetic neuronal release of norepinephrine by activation of specific inhibitory receptors

Background/objectivesTo study temporal trends in crude and age standardised rates of cardiac catheterisation and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in Ireland, 2004–2011.MethodsTwo data sources were used: a) a survey of publicly and privately funded hospitals with cardiac catheter laboratories to obtain the annual number of procedures performed and b) anonymised data from the Hospital In-Patient Enquiry (HIPE) for angiography and PCI in acute publicly funded hospitals; age standardised rates were calculated to study trends over time.ResultsFrom 2004 to 2011 the crude rate of angiography and PCI increased by 47.8% and 35.9% respectively, with rates of 6689 and 1825 per million population in 2011. Following age standardisation, however, PCI activity showed a non-significant decrease over time. The PCI to angiography ratio decreased from 30% to 27% and PCI was performed predominantly for stable coronary heart disease (54%) in 2011.ConclusionAngiography and PCI rates have increased in Ireland but PCI crude and age adjusted rates show divergent trends. While Ireland differs from USA and UK, with a higher proportion of PCI being performed for stable CHD in recent years, little systematic surveillance of cardiological interventions within Europe is available to benchmark improvements in Ireland.