The authors note that on page 12527, left column, second full paragraph, line 7, "Sequences meeting the above criteria were further classified by the Ribosomal Database Project (RDP) Naive Bayesian Classifier version 2.5 using training set 9 (46) from phylum to genus level." should instead appear as "Sequences meeting the above criteria were further classified by the Ribosomal Database Project (RDP) Naive Bayesian Classifier version 2.2 using training set 6 (46) from phylum to genus level."www.pnas.org/cgi

A technique is described for the quantitative recovery of monocytes from horse blood by means of flotation on dense albumin solutions. Monocytes are concentrated in a surface pellicle along with a few lymphocytes which are then removed when the monocytes adhere to a glass surface. The in vitro cultivation of homogeneous populations of monocytes results in an increase in (a) cell size, (b) number of mitochondria, and (c) phase-dense granules of the centrosphere. The phase-dense granules are osmiophilic and acid phosphatase positive. Quantitative biochemical analysis during cultivation have revealed increased levels of cytochrome oxidase, acid phosphatase, arylsulfatase, and BPN hydrolase. In addition, glucose utilization and lactic acid production are stimulated under the same conditions. The uptake of both bacteria and colloidal gold is stimulated during in vitro cultivation. The phagocytic activity of cultured monocytes may be enhanced by a purified bacterial lipopolysaccharide. These data are consistant with the in vitro maturation of monocytes to macrophages, a cell with greater metabolic and functional potentional.

No abstract

The majority of caregivers of children with cancer use mobile technology with minimal barriers; future research should focus on designing an mHealth tool to address the medical management needs by caregivers of children with cancer.

ObjectiveTo investigate the scope of academic spam emails (ASEs) among career development grant awardees and the factors associated with the amount of time spent addressing them.DesignA cross-sectional survey of career development grant investigators via an anonymous online survey was conducted. In addition to demographic and professional information, we asked investigators to report the number of ASEs received each day, how they determined whether these emails were spam and time they spent per day addressing them. We used bivariate analysis to assess factors associated with the amount of time spent on ASEs.SettingAn online survey sent via email on three separate occasions between November and December 2016.ParticipantsAll National Institutes of Health career development awardees funded in the 2015 fiscal year.Main outcome measuresFactors associated with the amount of time spent addressing ASEs.ResultsA total of 3492 surveys were emailed, of which 206 (5.9%) were returned as undeliverable and 96 (2.7%) reported an out-of-office message; our overall response rate was 22.3% (n=733). All respondents reported receiving ASEs, with the majority (54.4%) receiving between 1 and 10 per day and spending between 1 and 10 min each day evaluating them. The amount of time respondents reported spending on ASEs was associated with the number of peer-reviewed journal articles authored (p<0.001), a history of publishing in open access format (p<0.01), the total number of ASEs received (p<0.001) and a feeling of having missed opportunities due to ignoring these emails (p=0.04).ConclusionsASEs are a common distraction for career development grantees that may impact faculty productivity. There is an urgent need to mitigate this growing problem.

Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMS) was initially called the 22q13 deletion syndrome based on its etiology as a deletion of the distal long arm of chromosome 22. These included terminal and interstitial deletions, as well as other structural rearrangements. Later, pathogenetic variants and deletions of the SHANK3 gene were found to result in a phenotype consistent with PMS. The association between SHANK3 and PMS led investigators to consider disruption/deletion of SHANK3 to be a prerequisite for diagnosing PMS. This narrow definition of PMS based on the involvement of SHANK3 has the adverse effect of causing patients with interstitial deletions of chromosome 22 to “lose” their diagnosis. It also results in underreporting of individuals with interstitial deletions of 22q13 that preserve SHANK3. To reduce the confusion for families, clinicians, researchers, and pharma, a simple classification for PMS has been devised. PMS and will be further classified as PMS-SHANK3 related or PMS-SHANK3 unrelated. PMS can still be used as a general term, but this classification system is inclusive. It allows researchers, regulatory agencies, and other stakeholders to define SHANK3 alterations or interstitial deletions not affecting the SHANK3 coding region.

Nearly two-thirds of pediatric patients with IBD have low titers against hepatitis B virus. Titers were highest in the younger patients. No patient-specific variable, such as the use of immunosuppressants, appeared to influence these low titers.

Robin sequence (RS) is a commonly encountered triad of micrognathia, glossoptosis, and airway obstruction, with or without a cleft palate. The management of airway obstruction is of paramount importance, and multiple reviews and retrospective series outline the diagnosis and treatment of RS. This article focuses on the multidisciplinary nature of RS and the specialists’ contributions and thought processes regarding the management of the RS child from birth to skeletal maturity. This review demonstrates that the care of these children extends far beyond the acute airway obstruction and that thorough monitoring and appropriate intervention are required to help them achieve optimal outcomes.