Two new species of Microglanis are described from tributaries of upper-middle rio Araguaia, States of Mato Grosso and Goiás, Brazil. Microglanis oliveirai differs from its congeners by the short supraoccipital process not reaching the small anterior nuchal plate, and reduced number of gill rakers, lateral line pores, ribs, vertebrae, and caudal-fin rays. Microglanis xylographicus differs from its congeners by the presence of melanophores surrounding the neuromasts of the superficial lines, snout length 11.4-12.9% SL and body color pattern consisting of horizontal brown stripes similar to a wooden bark pattern. An identification key of Microglanis species from the Amazon basin is presented.Duas espécies novas de Microglanis são descritas de tributários do alto-médio rio Araguaia, estados do Mato Grosso e Goiás, Brasil. Microglanis oliveirai difere de seus congêneres pelo processo supraoccipital curto não atingindo a pequena placa nucal anterior, e número reduzido de rastros branquiais, poros da linha lateral, costelas, vértebras e raios da nadadeira caudal. Microglanis xylographicus difere de seus congêneres pela presença de melanóforos ao redor dos neuromastos alinhados superficialmente, comprimento do focinho 11,4-12,9% CP e padrão de colorido do corpo, formado por listras horizontais castanhas como marcas de casca de madeira. Uma chave de identificação de espécies de Microglanis da bacia Amazônica é apresentada.
Microglanis robustus, new species, is the first Microglanis to be described from the Rio Tocantins basin, Pará, Brazil, and differs from the congeners by the presence of a cordiform blotch in the nape, instead of a transverse light stripe; neuromasts of the superficial lines surrounded by melanophores; robust body with short snout, head and predorsal distance; and deep caudal peduncle. The mapping of superficial neuromasts and cephalic sensory canals evidenced intra and interespecific polymorphisms and, therefore, of little value for phylogenetic analysis within the genus.
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