In order to discern trends in surgical procedures used to treat Meniere's disease in the United States during the 1990s, we mailed a questionnaire to 700 membe rs ofthe American Otological Society and the Ame rican Neurotology Society. These physicians were asked about the freq uency, results, and complications of surgical procedures for Meniere 's disease that they had performed between Jan. 1, 1990, and Dec. 31, 1999. Questionnaires were returned by 137 surgeons (19.6 %). Their responses indicated that the number of vestibular neurectomies, labyrinthectomies, and endolymphatic sac surgeries all decreased during 1999. Meanwhile, the use of officeadministered intratympanic gentamicin therapy increased rapidly throughout the entire 1O-year period, and by 1999 it had become the mostfrequently used invasive treatment f or Meniere's disease. Surgeons now seem to reserve inpatient procedures fo r cases where intratympanic gentamicin fa ils to control vertigo. Introd uction The surgica l treatment of Meniere' s disease has evolved significa ntly during the past decade. In 1992, we published a survey of 58 head and neck surgeons regarding their use of vestibular neurectomy, which at that time was gaining popularity as a surgica l treatment for Meniere' s

A 3.10 kg, six-year old male green iguana (Iguana iguana) suffered several weeks of decreased activity, loss of body weight, anorexia and change of skin colour. Physical examination revealed a cachectic depressed lizard, with marked pale mucous membranes. The complete blood count revealed a leukocytosis (46.5 × 10 9 /l), elevated heterophils (23.25 × 10 9 /l) and azurophils (23.25 × 10 9 /l), decreased haemoglobin concentration (29.00 g/l), low haematocrit (0.16 l/l) and erythropenia (0.35 × 10 12 /l). Abnormalities of the plasma chemistry panel included increased activity of aspartate aminotransferase (6.05 μkat/l) and creatinephosphokinase (217.91 μkat/l), increased concentrations of uric acid (321.58 μmol/l), phosphorus (4.04 mmol/l) and bile acids (120.21 μmol/l), as well as a decreased concentration of glucose (3.72 mmol/l), cholesterol (0.637 mmol/l) and triglycerides (0.09 mmol/l). A lateral radiograph revealed soft-tissue opacity present in the region of the liver. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a markedly enlarged left liver lobe distended caudally and displacing the other abdominal organs. The signal intensity of the liver parenchyma was slightly hyperintense, the ventro-medial part of the left lobe showed a hypointense signal. Endoscopic examination of the coelomic cavity revealed a greatly enlarged pale liver and the presence of a straw-coloured modified transudate. Based on histopathological examination of the liver hepatocellular carcinoma was diagnosed. Despite supportive treatment the patient died on the sixth day of hospitalisation. Reptiles, liver disease, plasma chemistry, bile acids, MRIDifferent types of liver diseases are common in captive reptiles. Monitoring of liver function in reptiles is not easy and cannot be based purely on measuring the activities of plasma enzymes like alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), because the large reserve capacity of the reptilian liver function makes such evaluation incorrect. Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assess focal lesions of the spleen and liver has been well documented in dogs (Clifford et al. 2004) and the diffuse and focal pathological processes in different organs and soft tissues are documented with MRI imagines in human and veterinary medicine (Gumpenberger and Henniger 2001;Oliva and Saini 2004;Bialecki and Bisceglie 2005;Aguirre et al. 2006;Hecht et al. 2006;Silverman 2006;Elsayes et al. 2007;Knotek et al. 2007;Szklaruk and Bhosale 2007). Materials and MethodsA 3.10 kg, six-year old male green iguana (Iguana iguana) suffered several weeks of decreased activity, continuing loss of body weight, anorexia and change of skin colour. The iguana was kept as a single pet indoors in a terrarium (1.45 × 0.9 × 0.6 m) with temperature ranges between 24 and 35 °C, air humidity between 60 and 80% and a specific light regime (12h/12 h of light and dark, 100 W bulb + UV lamp Repti-Glo 5.0, Hagen). The diet

In 1958 a mandibular malignancy found in African children was described as Burkitt's lymphoma (BL). 1 The nonendemic

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A two-year old male warty chameleon (Furcifer verrucosus) weighing 160 g was presented for veterinary examination following 4 weeks of decreased ability to catch insects with the tongue and difficulty in swallowing the prey. Non-invasive endoscopy did not reveal any macroscopic changes of the oral cavity mucosa or the cranial part of the esophagus. Dorsoventral and laterolateral plain and contrast radiographs revealed enlargement of the medial part of the liver without any visible abnormalities in the regions of the esophagus, stomach or small intestine. Abnormalities in the plasma chemistry profile included transient hyperglycaemia (52.68-57.18 mmol/l) and hyperuricaemia (452.70-622.20 μmol/l). The chameleon was examined at 7, 20 and 22 weeks after initial examination. Its body weight decreased to 120 g. A blood profile revealed normoglycaemia (16.37-10.22 mmol/l) and hyperphosphataemia (2.92-3.06 mmol/l) at the last three examinations. The chameleon died suddenly 33 days after the final examination. Necropsy revealed the presence of a large liver cyst, filled with fluid. The liver had lost all of its normal structure. The kidneys showed a large area with fibrosis and multiple uric acid tophi. The post mortem findings were defined as liver with fatty degeneration and moderate fibrotic changes with large cyst, subchronic nephritis with uric acid tophi, and mineralization in the myocardium. This paper describes the first documented case of transient hyperglycaemia in a warty chameleon (Furcifer verrucosus) associated with chronic liver disease and subchronic nephritis. Reptiles, kidneys, hepatic failure, glucose, plasma chemistryA limited number of studies have described nutritional and metabolic diseases of chameleons (Kik 1995;Knotek et al. 2008). A tentative diagnosis of chronic liver disease could be considered in reptiles (including chameleons) if blood profile analyses reveal a transient hyperglycaemia and the possible influence of stress could be ruled out (Frye 1991). This study describes the first documented case of transient hyperglycaemia in a warty chameleon (Furcifer verrucosus) associated with chronic liver disease and subchronic nephritis. Materials and MethodsA two-year old male warty chameleon (Furcifer verrucosus) weighing 160 g was presented for veterinary examination following 4 weeks of decreased ability to catch insects with the tongue and difficulties in swallowing the prey. Nutrition and husbandry practices in the owner's collection of different species of chameleons and agamid lizards were considered above average to excellent based on the history. The diet consisted of different species of invertebrates mixed with mineral dust and vitamin powder. The owner reported restricted motility of the chameleon's tongue.Physical examination revealed a good body condition, but a decreased level of activity of the chameleon. Abdominal palpation showed a residual content in the gastrointestinal tract, gentle external palpation of the body near the pelvic region excluded renomegaly. After the ...

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Although there have been several reports of lymphoma with metastasis to the temporal bone,1–3 primary lymphoma of the temporal bone is extremely rare. There are only 2 cases reported,4 both presenting with facial paralysis and otitis media due to B-cell neoplasms. We present the first case of a histologically proven angiocentric T-cell lymphoma with distinct clinical features.