The trial involved eleven 10-month-old green iguanas (Iguana iguana rhinolopha, 5 males/6 females) from a single clutch of captive breeding program. Lizards were housed in an experimental room and maintained in terraria (75 cm × 85 cm × 85 cm), with a constant light/temperature/air humidity regime (12 h/12 h, 24-35 °C, 60-80%). The body condition and health status of the iguanas was monitored at regular intervals. At the age of 34 months three females laid eggs spontaneously whereas the other three females suffering from pre-ovulatory follicle stasis (POFS) were ovariectomized (OVE) at the end of 35 months. Within the period of the reproductive activity (February -March, November-January) plasma concentrations of calcium, cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in females than in males. Significantly higher concentrations of calcium and triglycerides were found in plasma samples of POFS females than in healthy females after oviposition. Plasma concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly higher in intact females than in OVE females. The mechanism of hormonal control for seasonal changes of calcium, cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in blood of female green iguana remains to be examined in the future. Reptiles, calcium, cholesterol, triglycerides, vitellogenesis, follicular stasisPlasma biochemistry in green iguanas has been a subject of interest for a number of authors (Dessauer 1970;Anderson 1992;Barten 1993;Divers et al. 1996;Wagner and Wetzel 1999;Bruder 1998;Harr et al. 2001). Results of previous studies show a significant degree of variation due to different animal selection, methods and technical differences in blood sample treatment (Campbell 1996;Köhler 1996; R e dro be and MacDonald 1999; K ubalek 2000;Harr et al. 2001;Walton 2001;Barten 2002;Knotek et al. 2002;Jacobson 2003). Most trials so far consisted in analysing blood from one-off sample-takings. The goal of our trial therefore was performing a long-term study on blood-related animals kept under identical conditions. Materials and Methods AnimalsA group of eleven 10 months-old green iguanas (Iguana iguana rhinolopha, 5 males/6 females) from a single clutch of captive breeding program was included in this trial. Lizards were housed in an experimental room and maintained in terraria (75 cm × 85 cm × 85 cm), with a specific light regime (12h/12 h, 100 W bulb + UV lamp Repti-Glo, Hagen); iguanas housed in groups (two females and one male), the temperature ranged between 24 and 35 °C and air humidity between 60 and 80%. The iguanas were fed every day. The diet consisted of common dandelion leaves, carrots, tomatoes, fruits, lettuce, Chinese cabbage and cottage cheese mixed with calcium powder and pelleted commercial chow. Control of pregnancy, ovariectomyThe body condition and health status of the iguanas was monitored at regular intervals. The coelomic cavity was controlled manually with gently palpation of the body wall. At the age of 34 months three females laid fertile...
A total of 20 healthy green iguanas (14 males and six females with body weight ranging from 280 to 720 g) were divided into three groups and used for the experiment. Carprofen (2.0 mg/kg,<I> i.m</I>.) was administered to seven iguanas for 10 days, five were treated with meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg, <I>i.m</I>.) for the same period, and eight iguanas received the same volume of saline solution (0.04 ml/kg). All iguanas were blood sampled on Day 1 and 11 to obtain haematological and biochemical parameters. Comparing the values within particular groups, a decrease in haemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume accompanied by an increase in azurophils (<I>P</I> < 0.05) was observed in iguanas treated with carprofen. Decreased values of haemoglobin and packed cell volume were also found in control iguanas (<I>P</I> < 0.05). Increased ALT levels (<I>P</I> < 0.01) were found in all three groups of iguanas. A decrease in the concentration of Ca (<I>P</I> < 0.01) was observed both in meloxicam-treated iguanas and in the control ones. Mean ALT values of carprofen-treated iguanas (2.42 ± 0.52 μkat/l) were considerably higher (<I>P</I> < 0.01) than those in iguanas treated with meloxicam (0.49 ± 0.18 μkat/l) or saline (0.43 ± 0.13 μkat/l). Repeated doses of carprofen induced higher levels of AST (0.82 ± 0.26 μkat/l) compared with saline (<I>P</I> < 0.01, 0.31 ± 0.16 μkat/l) or meloxicam (<I>P</I> < 0.05, 0.38 ± 0.16 μkat/l). All blood parameters of green iguanas following the 10-day intramuscular administration of both carprofen and meloxicam were within the physiological reference values of this species.within the physiological reference values of this species.
A two-year old male warty chameleon (Furcifer verrucosus) weighing 160 g was presented for veterinary examination following 4 weeks of decreased ability to catch insects with the tongue and difficulty in swallowing the prey. Non-invasive endoscopy did not reveal any macroscopic changes of the oral cavity mucosa or the cranial part of the esophagus. Dorsoventral and laterolateral plain and contrast radiographs revealed enlargement of the medial part of the liver without any visible abnormalities in the regions of the esophagus, stomach or small intestine. Abnormalities in the plasma chemistry profile included transient hyperglycaemia (52.68-57.18 mmol/l) and hyperuricaemia (452.70-622.20 μmol/l). The chameleon was examined at 7, 20 and 22 weeks after initial examination. Its body weight decreased to 120 g. A blood profile revealed normoglycaemia (16.37-10.22 mmol/l) and hyperphosphataemia (2.92-3.06 mmol/l) at the last three examinations. The chameleon died suddenly 33 days after the final examination. Necropsy revealed the presence of a large liver cyst, filled with fluid. The liver had lost all of its normal structure. The kidneys showed a large area with fibrosis and multiple uric acid tophi. The post mortem findings were defined as liver with fatty degeneration and moderate fibrotic changes with large cyst, subchronic nephritis with uric acid tophi, and mineralization in the myocardium. This paper describes the first documented case of transient hyperglycaemia in a warty chameleon (Furcifer verrucosus) associated with chronic liver disease and subchronic nephritis. Reptiles, kidneys, hepatic failure, glucose, plasma chemistryA limited number of studies have described nutritional and metabolic diseases of chameleons (Kik 1995;Knotek et al. 2008). A tentative diagnosis of chronic liver disease could be considered in reptiles (including chameleons) if blood profile analyses reveal a transient hyperglycaemia and the possible influence of stress could be ruled out (Frye 1991). This study describes the first documented case of transient hyperglycaemia in a warty chameleon (Furcifer verrucosus) associated with chronic liver disease and subchronic nephritis. Materials and MethodsA two-year old male warty chameleon (Furcifer verrucosus) weighing 160 g was presented for veterinary examination following 4 weeks of decreased ability to catch insects with the tongue and difficulties in swallowing the prey. Nutrition and husbandry practices in the owner's collection of different species of chameleons and agamid lizards were considered above average to excellent based on the history. The diet consisted of different species of invertebrates mixed with mineral dust and vitamin powder. The owner reported restricted motility of the chameleon's tongue.Physical examination revealed a good body condition, but a decreased level of activity of the chameleon. Abdominal palpation showed a residual content in the gastrointestinal tract, gentle external palpation of the body near the pelvic region excluded renomegaly. After the ...
The aim of this study was to evaluate short-term intravenous anaesthesia with alfaxalone in green iguanas (Iguana iguana). Alfaxalone at a dose rate of 5 mg/kg was administered to thirteen adult male green iguanas via the ventral caudal vein following 24 h fasting. The induction time, tracheal tube insertion time, surgical plane of anaesthesia interval, and full recovery time were recorded. Systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure (measured indirectly), pulse rate, respiratory rate, SpO 2 and ETCO 2 were recorded. The induction time and tracheal tube insertion time was 41.54 ± 27.69 s and 69.62 ± 37.03 s, respectively. The time from the alfaxalone administration to the loss of toe-pinch reflex was 2.20 ± 1.47 min. Full activity was restored 14.23 ± 4.15 min after the initial alfaxalone administration. The respiratory rate increased significantly (P < 0.01) from 4.3. ± 3.2 to 6.8 ± 1.6 breaths per min and a gradual decrease of ETCO 2 from 43.65 ± 10.54 to 26.58 ± 8.10 mmHg (P < 0.01) was noted from the second to the 13 th min after alfaxalone administration. The pulse rate, SpO 2 and blood pressure did not change significantly. Intravenous use of alfaxalone proved to be a suitable and safe form for short term anaesthesia in green iguanas.
Blood haematology and plasma chemistry profiles were examined in a group of ten 17 months-old green iguanas two minutes before propofol administration (10 mg/kg of body weight) and two minutes after recovery from anaesthesia. The induction time was very short (35.50 ± 22.54 s), the recovery time was 21.50 ± 7.44 minutes. At five and fifteen minutes of anaesthesia there was a considerable drop in the heart rate. The most marked drop, however, was noted during the tenth minute. Following the administration of propofol green iguanas showed marked changes in the respiratory frequency that were not accompanied by any changes in the levels of SpO<sub>2</sub>. RBC (1.06 ± 0.08 vs. 1.21 ± 0.06 10<sup>12</sup>/l) were decreased with a high significance (P < 0.01) two minutes after recovery from the propofol anaesthesia. At the same time there was a significant (P < 0.05) decrease of haemoglobin concentration (76.70 ± 13.39 vs. 83.73 ± 9.24 g/l) and PCV (0.34 ± 0.04 vs. 0.36 ± 0.04 l/l) as well as a significant (P < 0.05) increase of WBC (7.95 ± 3.38 vs. 5.20 ± 2.52 10<sup>9</sup>/l), heterophils (3.14 ± 1.48 vs. 1.43 ± 0.43 10<sup>9</sup>/l) and basophils (0.60 ± 0.53 vs. 0.23 ± 0.17 10<sup>9</sup>/l). The following parameters increased two minutes after anaesthesia with a high significance (P < 0.01): plasma concentration of total protein (55.12 ± 5.94 vs. 49.02 ± 3.54 g/l), uric acid (231.07 ± 77.69 vs. 157.58 ± 60.58 µmol/l), AST (1.23 ± 0.52 vs. 0.67 ± 0.34 µkat/l), TAG (3.37 ± 1.11 vs. 1.48 ± 0.78 mmol/l), phosphorus (2.29 ± 0.38 vs. 1.85 ± 0.35 mmol/l). The increase in plasma calcium levels (3.51 ± 0.11 vs. 3.21 ± 0.23 mmol/l) was significant at the level of P < 0.05. All the measured values were within the reference range of healthy green iguanas.
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