Cord blood from an unrelated donor is an alternative source of hematopoietic stem cells for adults with acute leukemia who lack an HLA-matched bone marrow donor.

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SUMMARY Background Umbilical cord blood (UCB) is increasingly considered as an alternative to peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPC) or bone marrow (BM), especially when a HLA-matched adult unrelated donor is not available. Methods In order to establish the appropriateness of current graft selection practices, we retrospectively compared leukemia-free survival and other outcomes for each graft source in patients aged >16 years transplanted for acute leukemia using Cox regression. Data were available on 1525 patients transplanted between 2002 and 2006 using UCB (n=165), PBPC (n=888) and BM (n=472). UCB units were matched at HLA-A and B at antigen level and DRB1 at allele level (n=10) or mismatched at one (n=40) or two antigens (n=115). PBPC and BM grafts from unrelated adult donors were matched for allele-level HLA-A, B, C and DRB1 (n=632; n=332) or mismatched at one locus (n=256; n=140). Findings Leukemia-free survival after UCB transplantation was comparable to that observed after 8/8 and 7/8 allele-matched PBPC or BM transplantation. Transplant-related mortality, however, was higher after UCB transplantation compared to 8/8 allele-matched PBPC (HR 1.62, p<0.01) or BM (HR 1.69, p<0.01). Grades 2–4 acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease were lower in UCB recipients compared to allele-matched PBPC (HR 0.57, p<0.01 and HR 0.38, p<0.01, respectively), while chronic and not acute graft-versus-host disease was lower after UCB compared to allele-matched BM transplantation (HR 0.63, p=0.01). Interpretation Together, these data support the use of UCB for adults with acute leukemia when an HLA-matched unrelated adult donor is lacking and when transplant is urgently needed.

Cord blood is a feasible alternative source of hematopoietic stem cells for pediatric and some adult patients with major hematologic disorders, particularly if the donor and the recipient are related.

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Key Points• Efficacy of transplanting allele-level HLA-matched cord blood units.We studied the effect of allele-level matching at human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A, -B, -C, and -DRB1 in 1568 single umbilical cord blood (UCB) transplantations for hematologic malignancy. The primary end point was nonrelapse mortality (NRM). Only 7% of units were allele matched at HLA-A, -B, -C, and -DRB1; 15% were mismatched at 1, 26% at 2, 30% at 3, 16% at 4, and 5% at 5 alleles. In a subset, allele-level HLA match was assigned using imputation; concordance between HLA-match assignment and outcome correlation was confirmed between the actual and imputed HLA-match groups. Compared with HLA-matched units, neutrophil recovery was lower with mismatches at 3, 4, or 5, but not 1 or 2 alleles. NRM was higher with units mismatched at 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 alleles compared with HLAmatched units. The observed effects are independent of cell dose and patient age. These data support allele-level HLA matching in the selection of single UCB units. (Blood. 2014;123(1):133-140)

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