The deception literature has predominantly focused on detection of guilty individuals using electrodermal measures. Little research has examined other psychophysiological measures or the mechanisms underlying deception. Therefore, the present study examined pupillary responses in a differentiation-of-deception paradigm. Twenty-four undergraduate participants answered the same questions twice, once truthfully and once deceptively, while pupillary responses were recorded. Questions were based on recently learned (episodic) information from scenarios or on general (semantic) knowledge from long-term memory. Task-evoked pupil dilation was significantly greater when participants confabulated responses than when they told the truth for both episodic and semantic memory questions. Previous research has demonstrated that pupil size increases with increased cognitive processing load. The present study suggested that generating deceptive recall was associated with increased pupil size and required greater cognitive processing than truthful recall.
The effects on performance of kind of material (text, random words, or random characters) and amount of material exposed (1, 2, 3, 6, or an “unlimited” number of characters) were jointly studied in a typewriting task. For the random characters, only a small increase in typing rate was observed beyond three characters exposed. For the words and text, rates were generally higher and continued to increase substantially up to the unlimited exposure condition. The results are discussed in terms of a parallel processor which employs unitary “higher-order responses”.
Ross's 1981 model of right-hemisphere processing of affective speech components was investigated within the dichotic paradigm. A spoken sentence constant in semantic content but varying among mad, sad, and glad emotional tones was presented to 45 male and 45 female college students. Duration of stimuli was controlled by adjusting digital sound samples to a uniform length. No effect of sex emerged, but the hypothesized ear advantage was found: more correct identifications were made with the left ear than with the right. A main effect of prosody was also observed, with significantly poorer performance in identifying the sad tone; in addition, sad condition scores for the right ear were more greatly depressed than those for the left ear, resulting in a significant interaction of ear and prosody.
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