Positive and negative schizotypal symptoms relate to different aspects of crossover reaction time task performance

Sarkin, Andrew J.; Dionisio, D; Hillix, William A.; Granholm, Eric

doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(98)00101-2

Cited by 20 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The link between positive symptoms of psychosis and paranormal/positive schizotypal traits is further evidenced by studies showing that psychometrically assessed positive schizotypal individuals, even if completely healthy, perform similarly to patients with schizophrenia in sensory (Mohr, Rohrenbach, Laska, & Brugger, 2001;Kwapil, Chapman, Chapman, & Miller, 1996), cognitive (Tallent & Gooding, 1999;Duchene, Graves, & Brugger, 1998), and attentional tasks Sarkin, Dionisio, Hillix, & Granholm, 1998;Brugger & Graves, 1997a). Of particular relevance to the present study, these similarities are also evident for lateralized neuropsychological functions (Brugger, 2007;Barnett & Corballis, 2002;Pizzagalli et al, 2000;Chapman & Chapman, 1987a).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Dopamine, Paranormal Belief, and the Detection of Meaningful Stimuli

Kempler

Möhr

Haker³

et al. 2010

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

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Dopamine, paranormal belief, and the detection of meaningful stimuliKrummenacher, P; Mohr, C; Haker, H; Brugger, P Krummenacher, P; Haker, H; Brugger, P (2010 Abstract ■ Dopamine (DA) is suggested to improve perceptual and cognitive decisions by increasing the signal-to-noise ratio. Somewhat paradoxically, a hyperdopaminergia (arguably more accentuated in the right hemisphere) has also been implied in the genesis of unusual experiences such as hallucinations and paranormal thought. To test these opposing assumptions, we used two lateralized decision tasks, one with lexical (tapping left-hemisphere functions), the other with facial stimuli (tapping right-hemisphere functions). Participants were 40 healthy righthanded men, of whom 20 reported unusual, "paranormal" experiences and beliefs ("believers"), whereas the remaining participants were unexperienced and critical ("skeptics"). In a between-subject design, levodopa (200 mg) or placebo administration was balanced between belief groups (double-blind procedure). For each task and visual field, we calculated sensitivity in the placebo group. Criterion analyses revealed that believers favored false alarms over misses, whereas skeptics displayed the opposite preference. Unexpectedly, under levodopa, these decision preferences were lower in both groups. We thus infer that levodopa (1) decreases sensitivity in perceptual-cognitive decisions, but only in skeptics, and (2) makes skeptics less and believers slightly more conservative. These results stand at odd to the common view that DA generally improves signal-to-noise ratios. Paranormal ideation seems an important personality dimension and should be assessed in investigations on the detection of signals in noise. ■

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Dopamine, Paranormal Belief, and the Detection of Meaningful Stimuli

Kempler

Möhr

Haker³

et al. 2010

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

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“…Originally, we expected that performance would deteriorate under a DA agonist given that (1) DA agonists can worsen psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia (Davidson et al, 1987;Abi-Dargham et al, 1998) and trigger psychotic symptoms in healthy participants (Janowsky and Risch, 1979;Sekine et al, 2001); (2) schizotypy and schizophrenia share cognitive (Gooding et al, 1999;Park, 1999), attentional (Sarkin et al, 1998;Mohr et al, 2003a), behavioral (Barnett and Corballis, 2002;Mohr et al, 2003b), and physiological (Klein et al, 1999;Pizzagalli et al, 2000) similarities; and (3) DA agonists increase stereotyped responding in animals (Randrup and Munkvad, 1974;Staton and Solomon, 1984;Kelley et al, 1988) and healthy populations (Connell, 1958;Ridley et al, 1988). Findings from animal (Arnsten, 1997;Williams and Goldman-Rakic, 1995) and human (Mehta et al, 2000) studies propose that dopaminergic actions follow an inverted Ushape function, with an improvement of cognitive performance from low to medium, but deterioration from medium to high doses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Second, this line of research became well accepted to study brain functions related to schizophrenia free from confounding correlates of severe clinical symptoms such as medication and institutionalization (eg Gooding et al, 1999;Avons et al, 2003). In fact, preselected and unselected schizotypal individuals, thought to be 'psychosis-prone' (Chapman et al, 1994;Kwapil et al, 1997), perform similar to patients with schizophrenia for cognitive (Gooding et al, 1999;Park, 1999), attentional (Sarkin et al, 1998;Mohr et al, 2003a), behavioral (Barnett and Corballis, 2002;Mohr et al, 2003b) and physiological (Klein et al, 1999;Pizzagalli et al, 2000) measures. Finally, alterations of dopaminergic responsivity may accompany the schizophrenia spectrum disorders in a continuous manner; the DA metabolite homovanillin acid (HVA) correlated with severity of positive symptoms in schizophrenia (Pickar et al, 1984;Davidson and Davis, 1988) and the extent of schizotypal personality disorder (Siever et al, 1991(Siever et al, , 1993.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonstereotyped Responding in Positive Schizotypy after a Single Dose of Levodopa

Möhr

Landis

Sándor

et al. 2004

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Stereotyped behavior and left-sided orientation biases, associated with the dopamine (DA) system, were observed in populations of the schizophrenia spectrum disorders. We investigated whether heightened DA concentrations influence both side biases and stereotyped responding in a visuo-motor computer task, in which 90, 180, and 2701 rotated objects had to be brought into a target position. To account for the role of the schizophrenia spectrum, task performance was also analyzed as a function of healthy participants' high or low magical ideation (MI), a positive schizotypal feature. The first 36 participants (20 women) remained substance free. In a second sample, 20 men received levodopa and 20 men a placebo in a double-blind procedure. Results showed that high MI scorers responded more stereotyped than low MI scorers, without being specifically biased towards the left side. Rotation preferences toward one or the other side made high MI scorers less flexible for objects efficiently to be rotated into the opposite direction. This inflexibility may reflect impaired left hemisphere functioning. Unexpectedly, in the levodopa group, high MI scorers performed superior to low MI scorers. Since DA actions appear to follow an inverted U-shape function, the 'low' performing high MI scorers profited from the enhanced DA availability. Our observation in the levodopa group points to a dissociation between schizotypy and schizophrenia: while cognitive improvement in schizophrenia can occur after treatment with atypical neuroleptic agents, in our positive schizotypal participants a DA agonist resulted in improved task performance. This dissociation may point to protective neurochemical mechanisms preventing healthy schizotypes from developing full-blown psychotic symptoms.

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“…Schizotypy is typically assessed using self-report questionnaires (Chapman, Chapman, Kwapil, Eckblad, & Zinser, 1994;Mason, Claridge, & Jackson, 1995;Raine, 1991) and high scores might indicate enhanced proneness to psychosis (Chapman et al, 1994;Gooding, Tallent, & Matts, 2005). The notion that schizotypy and overt clinical psychosis are linked is also supported by observations that high-scoring, pre-selected schizotypal individuals from the general population demonstrate cognitive-attentional (Buchy, Woodward, & Liotti, 2007;Gooding, Kwapil, & Tallent, 1999;Sarkin, Dionisio, Hillix, & Granholm, 1998), sensorymotor-behavioral (Lenzenweger & Gold, 2000), physiological (Klein, Berg, Rockstroh, & Andresen, 1999;Pizzagalli et al, 2000) and neurochemical (Laruelle & Abi-Dargham, 1999;Murray, Lappin, & Di Forti, 2008) peculiarities comparable to those described in patients with schizophrenia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of tobacco consumption on the relationship between schizotypy and hemispheric asymmetry

Herzig

Tracy

Munafò

et al. 2010

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

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Tobacco use is positively associated with severity of symptoms along the schizophrenia spectrum. Accordingly it could be argued that neuropsychological performance, formerly thought to be modulated by schizotypy, is actually modulated by drug use or an interaction of drug use and schizotypy. We tested whether habitual cigarette smokers as compared to non-smokers would show a neuropsychological profile similar to that observed along the schizophrenia spectrum and, if so, whether smoking status or nicotine dependence would be more significant modulators of behavior than schizotypy. Because hemispheric dominance has been found to be attenuated along the schizophrenia spectrum, 40 right-handed male students (20 non-smokers) performed lateralized left- (lexical decisions) and right- (facial decision task) hemisphere dominant tasks. All individuals completed self-report measures of schizotypy and nicotine dependence. Schizotypy predicted laterality in addition to smoking status: While positive schizotypy (Unusual Experiences) was unrelated to hemispheric performance, Cognitive Disorganization predicted reduced left hemisphere dominant language functions. These latter findings suggest that Cognitive Disorganization should be regarded separately as a potentially important mediator of thought disorganization and language processing. Additionally, increasing nicotine dependence among smokers predicted a right hemisphere shift of function in both tasks that supports the role of the right hemisphere in compulsive/impulsive behavior.

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Positive and negative schizotypal symptoms relate to different aspects of crossover reaction time task performance

Cited by 20 publications

References 34 publications

Dopamine, Paranormal Belief, and the Detection of Meaningful Stimuli

Dopamine, Paranormal Belief, and the Detection of Meaningful Stimuli

Nonstereotyped Responding in Positive Schizotypy after a Single Dose of Levodopa

The influence of tobacco consumption on the relationship between schizotypy and hemispheric asymmetry

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