The IBM z/Architecture TM instruction set architecture (ISA) is an extension of the IBM Enterprise Systems Architecture/390 ® (ESA/390) ISA and features 64-bit general registers, 64-bit operations, and 64-bit virtual and real addressing. In addition, z/Architecture includes new instructions to optimize the handling of modern multi-byte character encodings and to improve the performance of programs written in high-level languages. It provides compatibility for ESA/390 application programs and increases the ease of development of new application programs. This paper presents an overview of the interesting aspects of z/Architecture and some of the associated decisions and tradeoffs made in its development. Addressing and other history The z/Architecture [1] continues a succession of architectures for IBM's large computers: the System/360* (1964), System/370* (1970), System/370 Extended Architecture (370-XA, 1983), Enterprise Systems Architecture/370* (ESA/370, 1988), and Enterprise Systems Architecture/390* (ESA/390, 1990) [2] ISAs. The principal evolutionary trait of the processor-related advances in this series has been an increase in both the storage usable by an individual application program and the main storage that can be attached to a model and shared by many programs being executed concurrently. The z/Architecture increases the 31-bit virtual and real (for main storage) address sizes of 370-XA, ESA/370, and ESA/390 to 64 bits, a size large enough to address approximately 1.8 ϫ 10 19 bytes (16 exabytes) of either a single virtual address space or the total main storage of the machine. This is 1.1 ϫ 10 12 times as much storage as is supported by ESA/390! In System/360 through ESA/390, addressing proceeded from 24 bits to 31 bits for all addresses, with transitional support for 26-bit addressing of main storage. The dualaddress-space facility initiated in System/370 and the access registers initiated in ESA/370 increased addressing horizontally by allowing multiple address spaces to be addressed concurrently. The architectures leading to ESA/370 are discussed in References [3-6], and ESA/370 is discussed in Reference [7].
Polska, podobnie jak kraje, które dołączyły do Unii Europejskiej w XXI wieku, stoi przed koniecznością dostosowywania polityki rozwoju do wymagań Unii w zakresie zmniejszania produkcji gazów cieplarnianych, głównie przez zmniejszenie eksploatacyjnego zapotrzebowania na ciepło, energię elektryczną, paliwa gazowe [1-3]. Zgodnie z art. 9 ust. 3 lit. b dyrektywy 2010/31/UE [4], powstał Krajowy plan działań dotyczących efektywności energetycznej dla Polski 2014 [5], który zawiera między innymi pośrednie cele służące poprawie charakterystyki energetycznej nowych budynków na rok 2015, z myślą o realizacji założeń, aby do dnia 31 grudnia 2020 r. wszystkie nowo realizowane budynki były obiektami należącymi do grupy o niemal zerowym zużyciu energii oraz po dniu 31 grudnia 2018 r. nowe budynki zajmowane przez władze publiczne i będące ich własnością były budynkami o niemal zerowym zużyciu energii. Na podstawie art. 4 dyrektywy 2012/27/UE [2] w Ministerstwie Infrastruktury i Rozwoju został opracowany dokument Wspieranie Inwestycji w Modernizację Budynków. Stanowi on załącznik, który opracowano w związku z art. 9 ust. 1 dyrektywy 2010/31/UE [4], który
The reason of shaping and building cities is primarily to improve the quality of life of inhabitants. Changes in space in cities concern not only their basic functioning principles but also the transformation of structures and systems (green areas, communications andother). Regardless, spatial policy is based on the continuous search for new services and economic activity to raise standards. The article describes a study which makes an attempt to identify the main desired features that can be taken into account while formulating concepts for planning and designing a prospective city. The study was intended to analyze terms promoted in literature or labels of a desired city, that shape the aspirations of future inhabitants. The city's image-building activities concern the future measured in economic, social and environmental effects. Modelling the future potential concepts of a city development as part of planning for its development, is one of the ways of thinking about the future. Using mathematical and spatial models for this purpose, we acquire knowledge on the possible variants of the city development, as well as measurable effects of this type of phenomena
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