The purpose of this research was to determine how cultural aspects or beliefs of agricultural producers such as collectivism, trust, formality in land titling and productive planning influence the associative work of agricultural productive chains. Considering that for many years productive chains have been promoted as a development alternative for small agricultural producers in the Mantaro Valley, they have received training services, technical assistance, market articulation, etc., but very few remain today. The applied and descriptive research was carried out from July 2016 to May 2017 with the participation of 383 agricultural producers from four provinces of the Mantaro Valley, Junín, Peru. The results obtained show that the factors of trust and productive planning directly influence the associative work, while the aspects of collectivism and formality do not influence.

The business context has been affected by the action of Covid 19, and companies must react to this new reality. The research analyzes people, processes and technology and their effect on the development of the respective business strategy in small companies in Huancayo, Peru. The study design was non-probabilistic, cross-sectional, qualitative-quantitative and explanatory in a sample of 99 business units. The analytical technique used was structural equation modeling based on PLS. The results indicate that there is a positive relationship between the processes and technology used and the implementation of actions to achieve their objectives. No significant relationship was found with people, given that in the face of the health emergency, economic paralysis, closure of markets and sectors, the companies had to make decisions and postpone concern for human resources. The coefficient of determination (R2) was 79.3%, which shows that the model presented allows predicting future results.

The objective of the research was to determine the relationship between associativity and the organizational culture of Hass avocado production chains in the Huancavelica Region, Peru in the period 2003–2019. The research is of an applied type, the inductive inferential scientific method was applied. Likewise, the research design used is non-experimental, cross-sectional. A questionnaire was applied to 105 Hass avocado producers from the Huancavelica Region, one of the poorest regions of Peru, in the middle basin of the Mantaro River Valley from the Mariscal Caceres district to the Mantacra town center. In the study, it was found that the associativity environment (ENT) (ASO), based on organizational culture (COR), has a significant influence on the communication dimension (p < 0.05). Regarding support services (SA), has a significant influence on the quality dimension (p < 0.05). Also in relationships (REL), they have a significant influence on the communication and adaptability dimensions (p < 0.05). Finally, in government policies (GP), it has a significant relationship with the communication dimension (p < 0.05). Therefore, these dimensions generate a positive impact on organizational culture.

This work estimates the relationship between the economic expectations given by Tobin's q variables, terms of exchange and 3-month economic expectations with private gross investment for the period from the first quarter of 2010 to the first quarter of 2020, under the stress scenario of the COVID-19 pandemic. Through an econometric model, results were obtained such as that the variation in private gross investment VIBP has an inertial behavior with a coefficient of 0.258791, shadow cost of capital or q of Tobin QTC with a coefficient of -0.03213, as well as terms of TI exchange with a coefficient of 0.805618. This indicates that the private investment decision by the companies analyzed depends on factors such as economic expectations, the inertial effect of investment and the shadow cost of capital expressed in Tobin's q.