P R O O F 4. Results 370 4.1. Land uses 370 4.2. Size of farm-holding, land prices, and grazing fees 372 4.3. Institutional economics 375 4.4. Institutional and legal frameworks 379 4.5. Forage deficit 381 4.6. Grazing infrastructure 385 4.7. Labor 388 4.8. Productivity estimates 390 4.9. Economic performance 395 4.10. Grazing management and trends 401 4.11. Main limiting factors 404 4.12. Interface to biodiversity 406 5. Discussion 408 References 414 European biodiversity significantly depends on large-scale livestock systems with low input levels. In most countries forms of grazing are organized in permanent or seasonal cooperations (land-owner/land-user agents) and covers different landscape such as alpine areas, forest, grasslands, mires, and even arable land. Today, the existence of these structures is threatened due to changes in agricultural land use practices and erratic governmental policies. The present chapter investigates six low-input livestock systems of grassland management with varying degrees of arrangements in different European countries and landscapes. These large-scale grazing systems (LSGS) are reindeer husbandry in Northern Sapmi (Fennoscandia), sheep grazing in the Polish Tatra mountains, cattle grazing in the Swiss and German Alps, cattle, sheep, and pig grazing in Baixo Alentejo, Southern Portugal, and sedentary sheep grazing in Central Spain. These systems showed very heterogeneous organizational patterns in their way of exploiting the pastoral resources. At the same time, these LSGS showed at least some of the following weaknesses such as poor economic performance, social fragility, and structural shortcomings for proper grazing management. Lack of proper mobility of herds/flocks or accession to specific grazing grounds can be a cause of environmental hazards. The surveyed LSGS are mostly dependent on public handouts for survival, but successive policy schemes have only showed mixed effects and, in particular study areas, clear inconsistencies in their aim to stop the general declining trend of LSGS. This research assumed that detailed system research may open the way for better-focused policy intervention, but policymakers need to take advantage of this period of support to push ahead for reforms. Recent European Union (EU) guidelines (2007-2013) on Rural Development Policy (RDP) and its operative scale of high nature value (HNV) farmland can easily fit the structure and functions of low-input grazing systems and LSGS. 352 Rafael Caballero et al.
The Phase I report also covers the test setup , instrumentation, wind-tunnel tests, and airfoil-roughness testing, However, most of the data came from the Phase II data sets and are presented in this report. This report covers: Bin-averaged aerodynamic coefficients data integrated from pressure distributions Unsteady aerodynamicdata Flow-visualization-test results Bin-averaged blade-load data. t Delayed stall observed on rotating airfoils has resulted in high n o d forces and high tangent forces I in the poststall region that are uncorrelated with wind-tunnel stall measurements. i ?be high suction-pressure p k s and pressure gradients measured on the wind turbine during delayed stall at high AOAs exist in the presence of separated flow. The performance deviations on wind-turbine airfoil force coefficients caused by delayed stall are more pronounced at inboard blade stations. While outboard stations experienced only a delayed stall effect, maximum values of the inboard force coefficients were increased to over twice the values measured in the wind hrnne1. Some of the behavior of spanwise pressures was erratic and inexplicable. The airfoil behavior on a fixed-pitch wind-turbine blade is modified significantly emu&, by stall effects that wind-tunnel stall data may not be accurate for &sign purposes. The causes of this behavior are not uoderstood yet, and the current Combined Experiment test configuration is not equipped to identify the causes. It is not known what effects blade plaoform (twist and taper) will have on the ahfoil performaace. Future work must be c o a c t e d to understand the complexities of this problem.
As a consequence of increasing air pollution, the European Commission has decided to introduce special directives laying down the measures to achieve climate and energy neutrality. Renewable energy (RE) sources play an important role in the pursuit of these goals, which has been taken into account in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The aim of this article is to describe patterns and trends in the achievements of the energy policy of European Union (EU) countries in the field of renewable energy in sustainable development. The identification of leaders in this field gives the possibility to analyse actions taken by the governments of these countries and the possible implementation of the introduced solutions on the ground of individual Member States at the regional and national levels. At the beginning Main goal of energy policy on the field of renewable energy sources (RES) is to increase production from environmentally friendly sources that is why trends were determined in order to assess the rate of achievement of the national target for changes the share of energy from renewable sources in total gross energy consumption. Groups of similar countries were then identified on the basis of three indicators corresponding to the targets set in the climate and energy package. In the group of analysed countries, 14 have achieved the 2020 targets and 4 have exceeded the 2030 targets. The main renewable energy sources (RES) are biofuels, wind, and hydropower. In the assessment of the achievement of energy policy targets, the best situation was observed in the case of Denmark, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. These countries have significantly increased the share of renewable energy in total energy consumption. Compared to other EU countries, they have reduced the economy’s energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions the most.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.