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The development of Interoperability is a necessity for organisations to achieve business goals and capture new market opportunities. Indeed, interoperability allows enterprises to exchange information and use it to seize their shared goals. Therefore, it should be verified and continuously improved. This is the main objective of the Interoperability Assessment (INAS). Indeed, such an assessment aims at determining the strengths and weakness of an enterprise in terms of interoperability. Many surveys and reviews have been proposed in the literature to analyse the existing INAS approaches. However, the majority of these reviews are focusing on specific properties rather than a general view of an INAS. Therefore, this paper proposes a systematic literature review of INAS approaches. The objectives are to identify the relevant INAS approaches and to compare them based on a holistic view based on their similar and different properties (e.g. type of assessment, the used measurement mechanism, and the addressed interoperability barriers). A bibliometric analysis of the selected INAS approaches is also conducted with a discussion of their advantages and limitations.

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Enterprises and governments are focusing their efforts on reducing the gap between the physical and the digital world to address various challenges. This digital transformation is also characterised by a change of paradigm, based on moving from computer-aided technologies to Smart Systems, which are present in several domains such as Smart Cities, Smart Manufacturing, or Smart Services. In this scenario, the exploration of the conceptualisation of Smart Systems has been addressed in the scientific literature with the objective to understand the characteristics of such systems and the implications of their use. However, there is a lack of a generic view of the concept since most studies focus on specific domains. This view is necessary to provide common ground for the development or implementation of Smart Systems within various domains, specially for those that have not been tackled yet. This work aims at addressing this issue through the exploration and analysis of conceptualisations of Smart Systems and Smartness within the scientific literature. For this purpose, a Systematic Literature Review is performed aiming at gathering papers including definitions of Smart Systems, regardless of the application domain. Text mining processing techniques are applied to obtain insights from the definitions extracted from the collected papers. Considering the findings of the literature review and the analysis of the extracted definitions, we enumerate and describe a set of characteristics of Smart Systems. We also provide a diagrammatic view of the elements of a Smart System and their relationships through a meta-model.

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