The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of adding different turmeric amounts to sorghum-based diets for Japanese quails on animal performance, animal metabolism, yolk colour, egg quality, blood and liver biochemical parameters and sensory attributes of the eggs. The study included 210 egg-laying quails aged 50 days and lasted for 90 days. The study had a completely randomised design with six treatments and five replicates with seven birds per replicate. A control corn-based feed and sorghum-based feeds to which different turmeric levels were added (0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2%) were tested. The results showed that the sorghum-based feeds with added turmeric levels did not affect animal performance, metabolisation of protein and ether extract, internal and external quality of eggs, serum biochemical profile, including calcium, phosphorous, protein and liver transaminase enzymes. Blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels decreased when !0.5% percentages of turmeric were added to the feed. Yolk colour of the treatments differed significantly from that of the control, but the yolks were considered well suited for consumption. Turmeric reduced the cholesterol and triglyceride levels in egg-laying quails.

RESUMO. Cada vez mais, consumidores têm demostrado interesse em investir em produtos que garantam o bem-estar dos animais. O Brasil se destaca no assunto avicultura de corte, no entanto a indústria do frango vivencia diariamente com perdas na qualidade do produto final devido ao estresse do manejo pré-abate. Há necessidade de as agroindústrias implantarem programas de bem-estar adequados, que se tornem uma ferramenta essencial para contribuir com melhorias no ambiente de criação e abate, e o mais importante, que não cause sofrimento desnecessário aos animais. Diante deste cenário, é de grande relevância a busca de informações práticas com embasamento científico, aplicáveis a realidade brasileira, que possibilitem reduzir as perdas na qualidade do produto, diminuindo a ocorrência de hematomas, contusões e lesões nas aves e que se preocupem com o bem-estar dos animais. Esta revisão foi realizada para apresentar os principais aspectos do abate humanitário das aves, abordando os padrões do manejo pré-abate e abate, enfatizando as perdas produtivas ocorridas nestas etapas, bem como propor uma reflexão a respeito da ética e bem-estar dos animais.Palavras chave: pré-abate, bem-estar, estresse dos frangos de corte Humane slaughter of poultry: Review ABSTRACT. Increasingly, consumers have demonstrated interest in investing in products that ensure the welfare of animals. Brazil stands out in the poultry production, however the industry of broilers experiences daily with losses in the quality of the final product due to the stress of pre-slaughter management. There is necessity of agribusiness to implement of an appropriate welfare program, that becomes an essential tool to contribute to improvements in the design environment and the slaughter and most importantly, it does not cause unnecessary suffering to animals. Faced with this scenario, is of great relevance the search of practical information with scientific basis, applicable to Brazilian reality, that allow reducing losses in product quality, reducing the occurrence of hematomas, bruises and injuries in the birds and to be concerned about the welfare of animals. This review was made of present the main aspects of the humane slaughter of poultry, addressing the standards of pre-slaughter and slaughter management, emphasizing the production losses incurred in these steps, and to develop a reflection on the ethics and animal welfare.

RESUMO.O crescimento contínuo da indústria de alimentos resulta em uma grande quantidade de resíduos provindos dos frigoríficos de abate animais. O processamento dessa carne resulta em uma enorme quantidade de resíduos. A quantidade de resíduos produzidos além de ser uma grande perda de coprodutos com amplo potencial para reuso na cadeia produtiva, também causam sérios problemas de gestão, tanto do ponto de vista econômico como ambiental. Um dos resíduos gerados são as farinhas de origem animal (FOA), ingrediente rico em proteína, minerais e fonte energia em para rações de animais monogástricos. O uso de enzimas se torna uma estratégia interessante, pois podem tornar as FOA em ingrediente de maior valor nutricional. A suplementação enzimática beneficia a digestão e a absorção dos ingredientes, e sua adição em farinhas de origem animal pode melhorar a qualidade nutricional das rações e, consequentemente, o desempenho dos frangos. Esta revisão apresenta uma discussão sobre as enzimas uteis para nutrição de animais, principalmente as proteases utilizadas na hidrolise de resíduos proteicos, como as FOA. Palavras-chave: alimentos, avicultura, enzimas, nutriçãoUse of enzymes to increase the nutritional quality of animal meal for feed production.ABSTRACT. The continued growth of the food industry results in a large amount of animal slaughterhouse waste. The processing of this meat results in a huge amount of coproduct. The large amount of waste produced besides being a great loss of material with great potential for reuse in the productive chain, also causes serious management problems, both economic and environmental. One of the residues generated is animal meal (FOA), an ingredient rich in proteins, minerals and energy source in rations of monogastric animals. The use of enzymes becomes an interesting strategy because they can make FOA an ingredient of greater nutritional value. Enzyme supplementation benefits the digestion and absorption of the ingredients, and their addition in animal meal can improve the nutritional quality of the rations and, consequently, the performance of the chickens. This review presents a discussion on enzymes useful for animal nutrition, especially the proteases used in the hydrolysis of protein residues, such as FOA.

In coturniculture nutrition is the factor that most burdens production costs, thus studies with the use of foods alternative to corn and soybean meal, has grown considerably throughout Brazil, due to the great potential of agroindustry production of parents who generates numerous co-products or by-products that have sufficient nutritional quality to be placed in the rations without interfering with the performance or quality of the final product, making it possible to reduce the polluting potential of these co-products when discarded inappropriately. In this context, the aim of this review is to address some alternative foods that are used in the feeding of cutting quails, as well as their effects on zootechnical performance in the different stages of breeding of these birds and also their effects on the quality of the final product. To perform this review, an analysis of scientific studies that used alternative foods in diets of quail was made, showing their effects. It can be concluded that various alternative foods such as acerola residue, licuri bagasse, guava meal, crambe meal, passion fruit residue, cashew nut meal, soybean husk and fodder palm meal can be used to feed meat-type quails, assisting in the reduction of diet costs without influence on the zootechnical characteristics.

In the pelleting process, mash feed passes through a conditioner were it is exposed to steam under high pressure and pushed through the die to form pellets. To determine the effect of adding different amounts of water and different thermal processing parameters on the pellet conversion percentage, pellet durability index (PDI) and solubility of protein in KOH of broiler feed. The processing factors were combined in a 4x2 factorial scheme: four moisture addition levels (0%; 0.7%; 1.4%; 2.1%), and two thermal processes (conditioning-pelleting or conditioning-expanding-pelleting). Eight samples of each treatment were collected to evaluate quality parameters. The feed used in this study was a typical corn-soybean broiler diet processed in a commercial feed mill. The pellet conversion percentage and PDI responded linearly and positively in the range of 0 to 2.1% moisture addition. Positive and linear equations relating moisture addition in the conditioner with pellet conversion percentage and PDI were obtained (p<0.001). Expansion improved PDI and pellet percentage respectively by 18% and 21% when compared to simple conditioning-pelleting feed processing. However, an adverse effect on protein quality was observed when higher processing temperature was used. No particle size effect was observed for conditioned-expanded-pelleted feed. Medium particle size resulted in better PDI and higher pellet conversion percentage (p < 0.001) compared to coarse grinding (% pellets – 66.97% versus 64.96%; PDI – 77.30% versus 66.10%).

There is currently a growing interest of animal nutritionists and farmers in the use of by-products and/or agro-industrial residues in feeds. The purpose is to reduce production costs, since feed represents nearly 70% of the cost of production, as well as to allocate waste properly, minimizing potential environmental impacts. The characteristics of the residues used and their physical and/ or chemical limitations should be known, providing nutritionist with the correct information for the best choice and use of these ingredients for animal nutrition. This study aims to characterize the centesimal and energetic composition, digestibility, and microbiological quality of animal-origin meals in non-ruminant feeds. Samples of animal-origin meals – AOM (n=210), hydrolyzed feather meals (n=70), chicken offal meal (n=70), and pig offal meal (n=70) were evaluated. The following variables were determined: moisture, crude protein, amino acids, ethereal extract, ash content, FAO grain size analysis, and protein digestibility. Peroxide and acidity levels were determined to evaluate the oxidative process. The microbiological quality of AOM evaluated by the presence/absence of Salmonella spp.; the apparent metabolizable energy was verified by the indirect method using prediction equations. The amounts of proteins, minerals, amino acids, and energy differed from those reported in the literature. These results were possibly due to the different operational processes performed in each one of the experiments, as well as the proportions of constituents in the compared raw materials compared. Moreover, we observed that the AOM is within the Brazilian hygienic-sanitary standards.

No abstract

Bird breeding is based on the use of grains that require quality for the processing of the rations. Among the possible contaminants that affect the success of the enterprise are mycotoxicoses caused by fungi, from the field to the storage of the ingredients present in the formulations of the diets. The toxins with the greatest impact on poultry farming are aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, T-2 toxin and diacetoxiscirpenol (DAS), vomitoxin and deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone and fumonisin B1. These compounds cause losses in production, as a result of lower feed intake, mainly for causing lesions in the oral route of the animals, which consequently decreases the weight gain, feed conversion, and meat and egg production, as well as metabolic disorders. Maize consists of a grain with a greater presence of these mycotoxins, being extremely important the monitoring of its qualification in order to offer rations with nutritional and sanitary safety, with success in the business and products of quality and food safety for human consumption.