Vitamin D is known to have immunomodulatory properties and its deficiency is identified as an environmental risk factor for the development of autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis. The aim of this study was to assess whether low-dose vitamin D supplementation could normalize the 25(OH)D serum levels in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and vitamin D deficiency (serum 25(OH)D < 75 nmol/L), and whether it may impact serum levels of selected cytokines. Among 44 patients (mean age 38.4 ± 10.1 years, 33 women and 11 men), after 12 months of low-dose vitamin D supplementation, serum levels of 25(OH)D normalized in 34 (77.3%) of the patients. Together with vitamin D increase, median levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL10, TGF-β) and regulatory IFN-γ increased, while proinflammatory IL-17 remained unchanged. Moreover, an increase of inorganic phosphorus levels and decrease of PTH levels were observed, but without changes in total calcium concentration. These results may indicate that long-term supplementation with low doses of vitamin D is sufficient to compensate its deficiency in patients with RRMS and may help to maintain beneficial anti-inflammatory cytokine profile.

Background and objectives: Stroke is the third most common cause of mortality in developed countries and the primary cause of neurological disability in adults. Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator administered intravenously within 4.5 h from the onset of symptoms constitutes a gold standard in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Prompt hospital admission is the prerequisite of effective thrombolysis. Therefore, stroke awareness in the general population is the key factor in timely recognition of the acute stroke victims and determines proper actions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the awareness of stroke in the general population of the Silesian voivodeship, the most populated region of Poland. We assessed also the “adequate knowledge of stroke”, a combined measure of the optimal level of stroke awareness, as a prerequisite for effective stroke management, and aimed to identify most impacting factor for adequate stoke knowledge, to help shaping education strategies. Materials and Methods: A proprietary anonymous questionnaire consisting of 15 items related to stroke was used in this research. A total of 1134 individuals were surveyed. Additionally to the knowledge of individual aspects of stroke, we assessed “adequate knowledge of stroke”, which was combined measure of risk factors, symptoms, and actions in the case of acute stroke. Results: The accurate definition of stroke was selected by 834 participants (73.5%). The vast majority of them indicated that a stroke is an emergency (92.8%) and medical assistance is required (97.5%). However, 42.4% of respondents did not know any specific symptom of stroke and only 38.6% participants were able to list two or more risk factors, which resulted in only 36.3% of individuals with adequate knowledge of stroke. Education duration, previous occurrence of stroke in relatives or friends, gender and place of residence were identified as independent predictors of adequate knowledge of stroke. Conclusions: 1. Knowledge of stroke in the population of southern Poland is low and may be considered insufficient to address the needs of timely management in the action chain. 2. Previous occurrence of stroke in the relatives or friends is the most impacting factor for adequate knowledge of stroke.

(1) Background: The present study aims to report the side effects of vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) who were being treated with disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) in Poland. (2) Methods: The study included 2261 patients with MS who were being treated with DMTs, and who were vaccinated against COVID-19 in 16 Polish MS centers. The data collected were demographic information, specific MS characteristics, current DMTs, type of vaccine, side effects after vaccination, time of side-effect symptom onset and resolution, applied treatment, relapse occurrence, and incidence of COVID-19 after vaccination. The results were presented using maximum likelihood estimates of the odds ratio, t-test, Pearson’s chi-squared test, Fisher’s exact p, and logistic regression. The statistical analyses were performed using STATA 15 software. (3) Of the 2261 sampled patients, 1862 (82.4%) were vaccinated with nucleoside-modified messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines. Mild symptoms after immunization, often after the first dose, were reported in 70.6% of individuals. Symptoms included arm pain (47.5% after the first dose and 38.7% after the second dose), fever/chills/flu-like symptoms (17.1% after the first dose and 20.5% after the second dose), and fatigue (10.3% after the first dose and 11.3% after the second dose). Only one individual presented with severe side effects (pro-thrombotic complications) after vaccination. None of the DMTs in the presented cohort were predisposed to the development of side effects. Nine patients (0.4%) had a SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed despite vaccination. (4) Conclusions: Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 is safe for people with MS who are being treated with DMTs. Most adverse events following vaccination are mild and the acute relapse incidence is low.

Background and ObjectivesSince vaccination against COVID-19 is available for over a year and the population of immunized individuals with autoimmune disorders is higher than several months before, an evaluation of safety and registered adverse events can be made. We conducted a large study of side effects following the COVID-19 vaccine among patients with multiple (MS) sclerosis treated with disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) and analyzed factors predisposing for particular adverse events.MethodsWe gathered data of individuals with MS treated with DMTs from 19 Polish MS Centers, who reported at least one adverse event following COVID-19 vaccination. The information was obtained by neurologists using a questionnaire. The same questionnaire was used at all MS Centers. To assess the relevance of reported adverse events, we used Fisher's exact test, t-test, and U-Menn-Whutney test.ResultsA total of 1,668 patients with MS and reports of adverse events after COVID-19 vaccination were finally included in the study. Besides one case marked as “red flag”, all adverse events were classified as mild. Pain at the injection site was the most common adverse event, with a greater frequency after the first dose. Pain at the injection site was significantly more frequent after the first dose among individuals with a lower disability (EDSS ≤2). The reported adverse events following immunization did not differ over sex. According to age, pain at the injection site was more common among individuals between 30 and 40 years old, only after the first vaccination dose. None of the DMTs predisposed for particular side effects.ConclusionsAccording to our findings, vaccination against COVID-19 among patients with MS treated with DMTs is safe. Our study can contribute to reducing hesitancy toward vaccination among patients with MS.

Vitamin D serum level increase is associated with a reduction in clinical relapse rate, gadolinium-enhancing lesions, new or enlarging T2 lesions and new active lesions in the MRI in MS patients. However, current RCTs assessing the vitamin D supplementation therapeutic effect in MS provide inconclusive results. Experts recommend vitamin D measurements and implementations among patients with MS. This article discusses an observational study, performed without any intervention to evaluate the vitamin D status and practices among MS patients and professionals in the clinical setting. A total of 139 patients with MS treated by disease-modifying therapy were recruited and fulfilled the standardized questionnaire assessing the vitamin D supplementation practices and vitamin D level influencing factors such as education, insolation, smoking, obesity and current treatment. The collected data were then compared to the patients’ vitamin D serum levels available in medical records at the baseline and after 12 months of observation. Professionals’ practices and recommendations were also assessed. A total of 74.1% patients confirmed vitamin D supplementation, and all patients were administered cholecalciferol, taken orally. However, only 43.69% of the patients achieved an optimal vitamin D concentration (30–50 ng/mL). The lack of a doctor’s recommendation was the most frequent reason for the absence of vitamin D supplementation. The most often recommended vitamin D daily dose was 4000 IU. There was no adverse effect of supplementation observed. Vitamin D status in patients with MS is currently better than in the general population, but still, a significant percentage of patients do not implement vitamin D.