Defect state passivation and conductivity of materials are always in opposition; thus, it is unlikely for one material to possess both excellent carrier transport and defect state passivation simultaneously. As a result, the use of partial passivation and local contact strategies are required for silicon solar cells, which leads to fabrication processes with technical complexities. Thus, one material that possesses both a good passivation and conductivity is highly desirable in silicon photovoltaic (PV) cells. In this work, a passivation‐conductivity phase‐like diagram is presented and a conductive‐passivating‐carrier‐selective contact is achieved using PEDOT:Nafion composite thin films. A power conversion efficiency of 18.8% is reported for an industrial multicrystalline silicon solar cell with a back PEDOT:Nafion contact, demonstrating a solution‐processed organic passivating contact concept. This concept has the potential advantages of omitting the use of conventional dielectric passivation materials deposited by costly high‐vacuum equipment, energy‐intensive high‐temperature processes, and complex laser opening steps. This work also contributes an effective back‐surface field scheme and a new hole‐selective contact for p‐type and n‐type silicon solar cells, respectively, both for research purposes and as a low‐cost surface engineering strategy for future Si‐based PV technologies.

Perovskite solar cells (Pero-SCs) exhibited a bright future for the next generation of photovoltaic technology because of their high power conversion efficiency (PCE), low cost, and simple solution process. The certified laboratory-scale PCE has reached 25.7% referred to small scale (<0.1 cm 2 ) of Pero-SCs. However, with the increase of the area to module scale, PCE drops dramatically mainly due to the inadequate regulation of growing large-area perovskite films. Therefore, there is a dire need to produce high-quality perovskite films for large-area photovoltaic modules. Herein, we summarize the recent advances in perovskite photovoltaic modules (PPMs) with particular attention paid to the coating methods, as well as the growth regulation of the high-quality and large-area perovskite films. Furthermore, this study encompasses future development directions and prospects for PPMs.

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In this paper, an adaptive fusion algorithm is proposed to robustly estimate the state of charge of lithium-ion batteries. An improved recursive least square algorithm with a forgetting factor is employed to identify parameters of the built equivalent circuit model, and the least square support vector machine algorithm is synchronously leveraged to estimate the battery state of health. On this basis, an adaptive H-infinity filter algorithm is applied to predict the battery state of charge and to cope with uncertainty of model errors and prior noise evaluation. The proposed algorithm is comprehensively validated within a full operational temperature range of battery and with different aging status. Experimental results reveal that the maximum absolute error of the fusion estimation algorithm is less than 1.2%, manifesting its effectiveness and stability when subject to internal capacity degradation of battery and operating temperature variation.

All-inorganic perovskites exhibit interesting properties and unprecedented stability compared to organic-inorganic hybrid lead halide perovskites. This work focuses on depositing and characterizing cesium lead bromide (CsPbBr 3) thin films and determining their complex optical constants, which is a key requirement for photovoltaic device design. CsPbBr 3 thin films are synthesized via the solution method followed by a hot-embossing step to reduce surface roughness. Variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements are then conducted at three angles (45°, 55°, and 65°) to obtain the ellipsometric parameters psi (Ψ) and delta (∆). For the present model, bulk planar CsPbBr 3 layer is described by a one-dimensional graded index model combined with the mixture of one Tauc-Lorentz oscillator and two Gaussian oscillators, while an effective medium approximation with 50% air void is adopted to describe surface roughness layer. The experimental complex optical constants are finally determined in the wavelength range of 300 to 1100 nm. Furthermore, as a design example demonstration, the simulations of single-junction CsPbBr 3 solar cells are conducted via the finite-difference time-domain method to investigate the properties of light absorption and photocurrent density.