Kounis syndrome is not rare but rarely recognized and under-diagnosed. It is necessary to recognize KS and various inducers, especially for the patients suffering refractory vasospastic cardiac attacks concentrating in special periods. Blood test of eosinophil might contribute to diagnose KS and anti-allergic agents might be helpful for controlling KS attacks.
This study demonstrated that mapping and ablation of focal AT arising from NCC is safe and effective. When earliest activation was recorded in the proximal electrode of the His-bundle catheter, but radiofrequency ablation in this region cannot successfully eliminated the tachycardia, the AT should be considered to arise from NCC especially when P-wave morphology was initially negative with a late positive component in right precordial leads, upright or biphasic in inferior leads.
Purpose: To determine the effect of tangeritin on cadmium-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Methods: Cardiotoxicity was induced by intra-gastric administration of 5 mg/kg cadmium chloride to rats, once daily for 4 weeks. The animals were treated with tangeritin at 10 and 20 mg/kg p.o. 60 min before the administration of cadmium, for 4 weeks. Thereafter, the concentrations of cadmium in serum and cardiac tissue were determined, and markers of cardiac function, antioxidant enzyme activities and levels of pro-inflammatory mediators were evaluated in cardiac tissues. Histopathological examination and western blot assay were also performed. Results: Treatment with tangeritin significantly decreased the cadmium levels in the heart tissue and serum of the cadmium-exposed rats, when compared to the negative control group (p < 0.01). There was significant decrease in cardiac function markers in the tangeritin-treated rats, relative to negative control group (p < 0.01). However, antioxidant enzyme activity and levels of pro-inflammatory mediators were attenuated in the cardiac tissues of cadmium-treated rats by tangeritin treatment. Expressions of HO-1 and Nrf-2 were significantly enhanced in the cardiac tissues of tangeritin-treated group, relative to negative control group (p < 0.01). Histopathology revealed that tangeritin attenuated cadmium-induced cardiac injury in cadmium-exposed rats. Conclusion: These results demonstrate the protective effect of tangeritin against cadmium-induced cardiotoxicity via attenuation of oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory mediators.
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