In vitro experiments were carried out to determine the effects of prolactin, and prolactin in combination with other hormones on the regeneration of adult newt tail blastemata. A total of 271 blastemata were explanted 13 days postamputation and were organ cultured for 96 h at 20 (±1)°C. Treatment with prolactin alone resulted in an increase in the blastema cell density of the tail regenerates. Cell accumulation and cell alignment were observed ventral to the reconstituted spinal cord. Prolactin and thyroxine, in combination, improved development of tail regenerates as compared with treatment with prolactin or thyroxine singly, supporting the results of earlier in vivo studies. Optimal development was obtained only when prolactin, insulin, thyroxine and hydrocortisone were added to the culture medium. Regeneration of tail explants maintained in medium augmented with the four hormones closely resembles that of in vivo tail blastemata 17 days post-amputation.
B olman and Deal, as quoted in Shepko and Douglas (1998), stated the following observations about all organizations: s "Organizations are complex. The largest driver of this complexity is centered around people and the ability to understand and predict their behavior. Additionally, the interaction between and among individuals complicates the relationship. s Organizations are surprising. Outcomes are not predictable in any organization. Decisions made today will have an impact on tomorrow's outcomes. s Organizations are deceptive. Once a decision is made, many times the outcomes are 'covered over' because the results are not as expected. This deception creates another layer of complexity. s Organizations are ambiguous. With all of the complexity, surprise, and deception, it is hard to determine what is really going on in an organization. Performance measurement holds the greatest value in addressing this situation." "Bolman and Deal cite the following sources of ambiguity in organizations identified by McCaskey (1982): s We are not sure what the problem is. s We are not sure what is really happening. s We are not sure what we want. s We do not have the resources that we need. s We are not sure who is supposed to do what. s We are not sure how to get what we want. s We are not sure how to determine if we have succeeded" [emphasis added]. With a proper performance measurement tool, such as the balanced scorecard (BSC), organizations can clarify their vision through measurable goals and outcomes (Shepko & Douglas, 1998). This vision drives the projects that take place within the organization, aligns them to the organization's overarching business strategy, and reveals their successes. Projects can be considered "mini-organizations," requiring the same clarification and benchmarks of the parent organization. Because projects are more structured and controlled than the organization as a whole, they have accrued a reputation of a high failure rate in one or all of the critical success factors. In order to better manage the project and the overall health of the organization providing the services, a BSC approach can be used to perform health checks throughout the project life cycle. In a 1999 Gartner Group report, Furlonger stated that "a scorecard should contain financial, customer, project/internal business and growth and innovation
Maintenance of sexual identity on the cellular level ensures the proper function of sexually dimorphic genes expressed in the brain and gonads. Disruption of genes that regulate sex maintenance alters the cellular structure of these tissues and leads to infertility and diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, and gonadal cancers. Sex maintenance in the testis of Drosophila melanogaster depends on the previously identified gene chinmo (Chronologically inappropriate morphogenesis). Chinmo’s effect on testis differentiation has been investigated in detail, but there is still much to be elucidated about its structure, function, and interactions with other proteins. Using a two-hybrid screen, we find that Chinmo interacts with itself, the small ubiquitin-like modifier SUMO, the novel protein CG11180, and four other proteins (CG4318, Ova (Ovaries absent), Taf3 (TBP-associated factor 3), and CG18269). Since both Chinmo and CG11180 contain sumoylation sites and SUMO-interacting motifs (SIMs), we analyzed their interaction in more detail. Using site-directed mutagenesis of a unique SIM in CG11180, we demonstrate that Chinmo’s interaction with CG11180 is SUMOdependent. Furthermore, to assess the functional relevance of both SUMO and CG11180, we performed RNAi-mediated knockdown of both proteins in somatic cells of the Drosophila testis. Using this approach, we find that CG11180 and SUMO are required in somatic cells of adult testes, and that reduction of either protein causes formation of germ cell tumors. Overall, our work indicates that SUMO functionally links Chinmo and CG11180 in somatic cells of the adult Drosophila testis. Consistent with the CG11180 knockdown phenotype in male testes, and to underscore its connection to Chinmo, we propose the name Childless Gambino (Chigno) for CG11180.
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