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showing that annealing provides relaxation and hardens the alloys. The dash line represents strengthening from grain size reduction, which is much less significant than that from doping..22

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Nanocellulose (CNC) is a sustainable substrate extracted from biomass with many excellent properties and a broad spectrum of potential applications. The prepared CNC with colloidal properties is supposed to fabricate a Nano-Ink for gel pens which are the most popularly used writing instruments. The new proposal method by mixing CNC, reactive red 120 (RR120), and additive surfactant in water avoids the emission of volatile organic compounds as in conventional preparation of gel inks. We found that surface tension and viscosity of the Nano-Inks are key factors for their utilization in gel pen writing because simply mixing CNC and RR120 without controlling surface tension leads to ink breakage in high CNC concentration, and both ink breakage and ink accumulation in low CNC concentration. Surfactant takes a crucial role in adjusting the surface tension and viscosity of the ink to a suitable range. After optimizing color depth with various proportions of RR120 and ink viscosity with different CNC concentrations, we found that when CNC concentration was between 1.63% and 1.82%, the dosage of surfactant octylphenol polyoxyethylene ether-10 was 0.04%, and the proportion of RR120 was 2.5%, the prepared new Nano-Ink can write smoothly with deep-red color. This ink also performed with anticounterfeiting feature because the CNCs are native polarizing materials.

The mesopore shape and distribution of mesostructured ZSM-5 showed a major influence on aromatics production of co-cracking of phenolic bio-oil and ethanol.

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