showing that annealing provides relaxation and hardens the alloys. The dash line represents strengthening from grain size reduction, which is much less significant than that from doping..22
Nanocellulose
(CNC) is a sustainable substrate extracted from biomass
with many excellent properties and a broad spectrum of potential applications.
The prepared CNC with colloidal properties is supposed to fabricate
a Nano-Ink for gel pens which are the most popularly used writing
instruments. The new proposal method by mixing CNC, reactive red 120
(RR120), and additive surfactant in water avoids the emission of volatile
organic compounds as in conventional preparation of gel inks. We found
that surface tension and viscosity of the Nano-Inks are key factors
for their utilization in gel pen writing because simply mixing CNC
and RR120 without controlling surface tension leads to ink breakage
in high CNC concentration, and both ink breakage and ink accumulation
in low CNC concentration. Surfactant takes a crucial role in adjusting
the surface tension and viscosity of the ink to a suitable range.
After optimizing color depth with various proportions of RR120 and
ink viscosity with different CNC concentrations, we found that when
CNC concentration was between 1.63% and 1.82%, the dosage of surfactant
octylphenol polyoxyethylene ether-10 was 0.04%, and the proportion
of RR120 was 2.5%, the prepared new Nano-Ink can write smoothly with
deep-red color. This ink also performed with anticounterfeiting feature
because the CNCs are native polarizing materials.
The mesopore shape and distribution of mesostructured ZSM-5 showed a major influence on aromatics production of co-cracking of phenolic bio-oil and ethanol.
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